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AN 

INTKODUCTORY 

SCHOOL HISTORY 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES, 

ARRANGED ON THE CATECHETICAL PLAN ; 

TO WHICH ARE ADDED, THE 

DECLARATION OF INDEPEiNDENCE, 

AND THE 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 

WITH 

Q,UESTIO]VS AND EXPIiANATIONS. 

BY 

JOHN j/ ANDERSON. 

[^ NEW YORK: 

OLAEK & MAYJNAED, 

5 BARCLAY STREET. 

^ 1865. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, 

By JOHN J. ANDEKSON, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern Dis- 
trict of New York. 



1.^ I 1^ '^^ ■ 

SCHOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 

BY 

JOHN J. ANDERSON, 
LATE PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL No. 81, 

NEW YORK CITY. 



1. Anderson's Introductory History of the United States* arranged on 
the Catechetical plan; fully illustrated with maps; to which are added the Declara- 
tion of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and 
explanations. 16mo. 160 pages. 

The above work is intended for Primary Classes, and those teachers thai wish 
the whole History in a condensed shape. 

3. Anderson's School History of the United States, on the Catechetical 
plan; with over 20 illustrating maps; to which are added the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. 
16mo. 320 pages. 

3. Anderson's School History, Part I., being the history of the United 
States to the close of the Revolution. 16mo. 1S8 pages. 

This hook is particularly intended for Junior Classes in large graded ScJiools. 

4. Anderson's Pictorial History of the United States; to which are 
added the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States 
with questions and explanations. Beautifully illustrated with 40 maps, and over 150 
portraits, vignettes, «Sec. 12mo. 352 pages. 

The above work is prepared on the object-lessons plan for Grammar and High 
Schools. 

Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, 

No. 5 Barclay Street, New York. 

9 



PREFACE. 



This little work has been prepared at tlie suggestion 
of a number of teachers. 

Although the School History, one of the series 
already put forth by the author, is deemed to be 
well calculated for class-room instruction, it was 
thought that a history dealing in less detail would 
be more acceptable as a first book. This, therefore, 
is not designed to take the place of the School His- 
tory, but to be, as its title indicates, an introductory 
thereto. 

The system of maps and map questions, combin- 
ing the geography with the chronology of the nar- 
rative, has been fully preserved, together with the 
plan of review questions. These, the distinctive 
features of the author's previous histories, having 
been extensively tried and approved, need not here 
be commended to notice. 

After seventeen years' experience as Principal of 



6 PREFACE. 

one of the large Grammar Schools in the city of 
New York, and, during that time, being constantly 
engaged in teaching history, the author feels that he 
can offer this little work to instructors in the con- 
fident belief that wherever it is used with thor- 
oughness, and in conformity with its plan, it will 
produce satisfactory results. 



TOILLUSTRATEIfT SECTION, 
01 SCOV ERIES 










HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



SECTION I. 

Discoveries and IJxjylorations. 

BKTHNDmQ FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE 
SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA IN 1607. 

Map Questions. 

Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, page S.) In what direction is Guana- 
hani, or Cat Island, from Cuba ? Labrador from Cuba? Floriila from Porto Rico? 
Carolina from St. Domingo? Yucatan from Cuba? Tampa Bay from Cuba? The 
Mississippi fro Qi Tampa Bay? Newfoundland from Nova Scotia? Describe the St 
Lawrence River. "Where is New Brunswick ? Port Royal entrance? St. John's 
River? Albemarle Sound? Pamlico Sound ? What island between the two sounds ? 
Where are the West Indies ? Where is the Kennebec River? Cape Cod ? 

WTien, and hy whom, was America discovered ? 

America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, 
a native of Genoa (jen'-o-a), Italy. 

What prompted Golwnbus to make a my age westward ? 

Columbus believed the earth to be round, and that by sail- 
ing westward he would sooner reach India than by taking the 
usual route by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. 

By whom loas he assisted in Ms undertaking f 

After vainly seeking aid from the people of Genoa and the 
monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by Isa- 
bella, Queen of Spain. 

What land did he first discover? 

The first land discovered by him was one of the Bahama 
1* 



10 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

Islands, called by the natives Guanaliani (gioah-nah-hah'-ne). 
He gave it the name of San Salvador. It is now known as 
Cat Island. 

What voyages and discoveries did Columbus afterward make ? 

He made three other voyages to the New World, in the 
first of which his discoveries were confined to the islands be- 
tween North and South America. In his next, made in 1498, 
he discovered the mainland at the mouth of the river Orinoco. 
And in his last, he examined the coast of Darien ; but he 
never knew that he had discovered a new continent. 

By whom, and in what region, was the continent visited in 1499 ? 

In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci (a-md-re'-go ves-poot'-she), a 
Florentine gentleman, visited the eastern coast of South 
America; and, in 1501, he made a second voyage to the same 
regions. 

Why was the name of America given to the Neio World ? 

Vespucci prepared accounts of the two voyages made by 
him, in which he claimed to be the first European that had 
landed on the western continent. In consequence of this 
claim, as well as from the fact that his were the first published 
accounts of the newly discovered country, it was called 
America. 

WJiat discoveries and explorations were made by the Cabots f 

In 1497, John Cabot [kah'-bot)^ and his son Sebastian, while 
sailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, dis- 
covered the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to dis- 
cover the continent of America. In a second voyage, made 
by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, the coast from Labrador to Chesa- 
peake Bay was explored. 

What visionary enterprise was undertaken by Ponce de Leon ? 

Ponce de Leon [pon'-thd da Id-on')^ an aged Spaniard, sailed 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 

from Porto Rico (re'-co) in search of a wonderful fountain, 
which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, and 
would impart immortal youth to all who might drink of its 
waters. 

What can you state of a discovery made hy 7dm ? 

After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1512, an un 
known land. From the abundance of flowers with which its 
forests were adorned, and because the discovery happened on 
Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida [pah'- 
scoo-ah Jlo-re-dah), it received the name of Florida. His search 
for the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful. 

What further can you state in relation to De Leon f 

Several years after, he went again to Florida, this time to 
make a settlement; but in an attack made by the natives he 
was mortally wounded, and his followers were killed or driven 
back to their ships. 

Wliat expedition in the mean time had been made to Carolina ? 

Two expeditions were made to Carolina by De Ayllon [da 
ail' -yon) ; the first, in 1520, having for its object the seizure of 
natives to work the plantations and mines of St. Domingo; 
the second, to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful. 

What can you state of the discovery and conquest of Mexico f 

In 151*7, Cordova [kor'-do-va) discovered Mexico, and ex- 
plored the northern coast of Yucatan. Afterward, Cortez, who 
had been sent by the governor of Cuba, succeeded in con- 
quering the Mexicans; and their country, in 1521, became a 
province of Spain. 

What expedition was undertaken ly Narvaez f 

Narvaez {nar-vah' -eth)^ believing Florida to be a land of 
great wealth, sailed from Cuba in 1528 to conquer and possess 
it. The attempt proved disastrous ; for of the three hundred 



12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

men who penetrated the wild regions, only four, after years of 
wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in 
Mexico. 

What statement did the four men make, and with what result ? 

The four men asserted that Florida was the richest country 
in the world, a statement which the people of Spain generally 
believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto {da so'-to). 

Give an accoimt of the commencement of De Soto's expedition. 

With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay company of six hun- 
dred armed men, De Soto sailed for Cuba, whence he pro- 
ceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, 
and, in the summer of 1539, commenced his march into the 
interior. 

Give a further account. 

After wandering for nearly three years, during which, in 
1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened and died. 
To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with 
fear, his body was sunk beneath the waters of the great river 
which he had discovered. 

What became of De Soto's followers? 

After vainly trying to reach Mexico through the forests, the 
remnant of his followers built seven frail barks, sailed down 
the Mississippi, and along the coast of Mexico, until they 
reached a Spanish settlement. 

What did Verrazzani accomplish ? 

In 1524, Verrazzani {ya-rat-tsah'-ne)^ a Florentine navigator 
sailing in the service of France, explored the coast of America 
from the Carolinas to Newfoundland {new' -fund-land). To 
the whole region thus explored he gave the name of New 
France, a name which was afterward restricted to the territory 
of Canada. 



DIfc ^VKRIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 

WJiat did Gartier accomplish f 

In 1634, and the following year, James Cartier (car-te-a) 
made two voyages, discovered the river St. Lawrence, explored 
its banks, and took possession of the whole country in the 
name of the king of France. Afterward the territory now in- 
cluded in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and adjacent islands, 
was called Acadia. 

What attempts at settlement were made hy the Huguenots ? 

The Huguenots, or French Protestants, actuated by a desire 
to establish in America a place of refuge for their people, 
made two settlements, one at Port Royal entrance, Carolina, 
in 1562 ; and the other on the banks of the St. John's River, 
Florida, in 1564. 

What can you state of the settlement at Port Boyal entrance f 

A fort was built by the settlers of 1562, and twenty-six men 
were left to keep possession of the country, while the others, 
with John Ribault {re-bo'), their commander, returned to 
France for reinforcements. The promised aid not arriving, 
the colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. 

What can you state of the settlement on the St. John's River ? 

The Huguenots, on the St. John's, were surprised by a 
Spanish force under Melendez [ma-len'-deth), and massacred. 

How teas the massacre of the Huguenots avenged? 

In a little more than two years after, De Gourges {du-goorg), 
of France, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's, and 
hung two hundred captives upon the trees. 

What can you state of Gilbert's expedition in 1583 ? 

In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England under 
a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. He landed at New- 
foundland, but made no attempt at settlement. While return- 
ing to England, his ship foundered, and he was drowned. 



14 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 

What expedition did Raleigh se7id in 1584 ? 

Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'-le), not disheartened by the sad 
fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth an 
ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, under the com- 
mand of Amidas and Barlow. 

What was the result ? 

The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the 
islands in Pamlico and Albemarle sounds, took possession of 
the country in the name of their sovereign, and, after traflSck- 
ing w^ith the natives, returned to England. 

How did their account affect the queen ? 

So glowing an account did they give of the country, that 
Elizabeth declared the event to be the most glorious in her 
reign, and, in memorial of her unmarried state, named the 
region Virginia. 

What was afterward done ty Raleigh to plant a colony in America f 

Raleigh made two attempts to plant a colony on Roanoke 
Island; one, under Ralph Lane, in 1585, and the other, under 
John White, in 1587. 

WJiat account can you give of the first ? 

The colonists, under Lane, after a year of distress at Roan- 
oke, embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who had 
stopped at the island on his way from the West Indies. 

What account can you give of the second attempt? 

White did not remain long at Roanoke. He went to En- 
gland for supplies ; but when he returned, after an absence of 
nearly three years, none of the colonists could be found. 

What division of America was made hy King James in 1606 ? 

In 1606, James L, of England, divided that portion ol 
America between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth degrees of 
north latitude into two divisions. The northern, called North 



DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 

Virginia, he granted to the Plymouth Company ; and the 
southern, called South Virginia, to the London Company. 

What attempt did the Plymouth Co. make to form a settlement ? 

In 1607 the Plymouth Company sent a number of planters, 
who began a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but 
a series of disasters discouraged them, and they returned to 
England. 

What success did the London Company have f 

The London Company were successful. They sent more 
than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by Christopher 
Newport. The design of the colonists was to settle on Roan- 
oke, but a storm carried the vessels further north. Sailing up 
a large stream, which they named the James River, they se- 
lected a place for a settlement, and called it Jamestown. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Give nn account of Columbus and liis discoveries. (See pp. 9, 10.)— 2. 
Of Vespucci and his voynges. (10.)— 3. Of tlie Cabots and their voyages. — 
4. Of De Leon and his voyages. (10. 11.)— 6. Of De Ayllon and his voy- 
ages. (11.)— 7. Of Narvaez's expedition. (11, 12.)— 8. OfDe Soto's expedition. 
(12.)— 9. Of Verrazzani's explorations. — 10. Of Cartier's discoveries and 
explorations. (13.)— 11. Of the Huguenot settlement at Port Royal en- 
trance. — 12. Of the one in Florida. — 13. Which is the oldest settlement 
in the United States? Ans. St. Augustine, Florida, settled by the Span- 
iards in 1565. — 14, Give an account of the voyage made by Amidns and 
Barlow. (14.)— 15. Of the first attempt to settle Roanoke Island.— 15. Of 
the second attempt. — 16. Of the attempt to plant a colony at the mouth 
of the Kennebec. (14, 15.) — 17. Of the success of the London Company. 
(15.)— 18. Did Columbus ever know he had discovered America? (10.) — 
19. What land did he believe he had discovered? (9.) — 20. Why was not 
this country called Columbus, or Columbia? (10.)— 21. When was Labra- 
dor discovered?— 22. By whom?— 23. The Mhssissippi River ? (12.)— 24. 
By whom?— 25. The St. Lawrence ? (13.)— 26. By whom?— 27. Florida? 
(11.)— 28. By whom?— 29. Mexico?— 30. By whom? 



16 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



SECTION II 



Colonial History. 



EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO THE 
COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. IN 1754. 



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I A. 'X^Anw 






N EW 
tgiV?!! (astle 

. S E Y 




Map Questions. 

How is Jamestown situated? What two capes at the entrance of Chesapeake 
Bay? "What two rivers flow into Chesapeake Bay? In what direction from James- 
town are the Bermuda Islands? (See map, p. "0.) 

When and where was Virginia first settled ? 
The first settlement in Virginia was made at Jamestown, in 
1G07, under the direction of the London Company. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 17 

How was the colony at first governed? 

The colony was goveined under a charter granted by James 
I., the supreme government being vested in a council resident 
in England, and the local government in a colonial council of 
seven persons appointed by the king. 

How did the colony succeed ? 

At first the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of pro- 
visions, the hostility of the natives, the want of industrial 
habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to the 
grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly fatal 
to its existence. Among those who died was Bartholomew 
Gosnold, the discoverer of Cape Cod. 

Of what misconduct was President Wingfield guilty 1 

Wiijgfield, the president of the council, having embezzled 
the public stores, and become concerned in a plot to abandon 
the settlement, was expelled from the council. 

By whom was Wingfield succeeded in the 'presidency J 

He was succeeded in oflBce by RatclifFe, who, in consequence 
of inefficienc}', was in turn succeeded by Captain John Smith, 
the most enterprising and sagacious man in the colony. 

What can you state of the efforts of Smith f 

To the efforts of the new president the salvation of the in- 
fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, as well 
as the James and other rivers, and often returned with sup- 
plies of corn. 

What befell him in one of his expeditions f 

On one occasion he was surprised by a large body of In- 
dians, and, after a desperate struggle, was captured, and con- 
ducted to Powhatan {^'pow-hat-tan'), the principal chief. The 
warriors met in council, and determined that Smith should be 
put to death. 



18 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

State how Tie was saved. 

He was bound, and his bead placed upon a large stone ; but 
just as the savages were raising their clubs to dash out his 
brains, Po-ca-hon'-tas, the beloved daughter of Powhatan, 
rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in her arms, and 
begged that his life might be saved. Her generous and heroic 
conduct touched her father's heart, and the sentence was re- 
voked. 

What change in the affairs of Jamestown took place in 1609 ? 

The London Company, not having realized their expecta- 
tions of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought and obtained 
a second charter in 1G09 ; and conferred upon Lord Dela- 
ware, a nobleman distinguished for his virtues, the appoint- 
ment of governor for life. 

W7io were sent to America hefore Delaware f 

Three commissioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers, who had 
been appointed to administer the aftairs of the colony till the 
arrival of Delaware, were dispatched to America with a fleet 
of nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants. 

What befell the fleet? 

While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. 
One of the vessels (that bearing the commissioners) was 
wrecked on one of the Bermuda Islands, and one foundered ; 
the others reached the James River in safety. 

What did Smith do upon the ai-rival of the seven vessels ? 

Considering that no person had yet arrived to supersede 
him. Smith maintained his position as president, until, having 
been severely injured by an explosion of gunpowder, he re- 
turned to England for surgical aid. 

What miseries followed his departure? 

No sooner had he departed than the colonists gave them- 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 19 

selves up to idleness and vice. Famine ensued, and in less 
than six months the colony was reduced to sixty persons. 
This period, extending over the first half of 1610, was long 
remeinbered as the " starving time." 

Upon what course did the colonists finally determine? 

In consequence of their destitution and gloomy prospects, 
the colonists determined to seek safety among the English 
fishermen at Newfoundland ; but as they drew near the mouth 
of the river. Lord Delaware appeared with emigrants and 
supplies, and persuaded them to return. 

What can you state of the new administration ? 

The new administration was a wise one, and under it the 
colony prospered ; but in consequence of ill-health, Delaware 
was soon compelled to return to England. He was succeeded 
in oflice by Sir Thomas Gates. 

WJiat can you state of the tTdrd Virginia charter? 

In 1612, the London Company obtained a third charter, 
which allowed that body to hold meetings for the transaction 
of business, thus giving it a democratic form of government. 

What can you state in relation to Pocahontas ? 

Pocahontas was married at Jamestown, in 1613., to John 
Rolfe {rolf), an Englishman. Three years after, she accom- 
panied her husband to England, where she died, leaving a son, 
from whom are descended some well-known families in Vir- 
ginia. 

How was slavery introduced into the colonies ? 

The commencement of negro slavery in the English colonies 
dates from its introduction into Virginia. In 1620, a Dutch 
trading vessel entered the James River with negroes, twenty 
of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. 

What other important event occurred about the same time? 



20 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

In the same year, about a hundred women of good reputa- 
tion arrived from England, and were married to the planters, 
each man giving for his wife one hundred and twenty pounds 
of tobacco, the price of her passage to America. 

What account can you give of the Indian trouU-es in Virginia ? 

The Indians, having conspired to exterminate the colonists, 
attacked them at mid day, on the 1st of April, 1622 ; and, in 
an hour, massacred about three hundred and fifty men, women, 
and children. In 1644 they made a second attack, killing 
about three hundred. Their hostility continued until 1646, 
when a treaty was made. 

What can you state of the celebrated "Navigation Act ?" 

The "Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 1651, se- 
cured to English shipping the monopoly of the carrying trade 
with England. Though it was not at first enforced against 
Virginia, yet after its re-enactment, in 1660, with new pro- 
visions, it was vigorously executed, notwithstanding the remon- 
strances of the people. 

What act of the king augmented the people's dissatisfaction f 

By a grant made by Charles II., of England, in 1673, "All 
the dominion of land and water called Virginia," was ceded 
to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington for the term of 
thirty-one years. 

Did the 'people have any other causes- of complaint f 

The people were restricted in the elective franchise, were 
required to conform to the doctrines and rituals of the Church 
of England, and the taxes levied were unequal and oppressive. 

To what did the oppressive measures lead ? 

A spirit of rebellion in consequence broke out among the 
" common people," who wanted but an excuse for appearing in 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 

arms ; and it was soon found in an invasion made by the Sus- 
quehannah Indians. 

dice a further account of the commencement of the rebellion. 

The measures for defence, adopted by Berkeley, the gov- 
ernor of Virginia, being inefficient, the people demanded per- 
mission to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, a 
struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, known as 
Bacon's Rebellion. 

WJiat further can you state of the rebellion f 

Five hundred men under arras, with Nathaniel Bacon as 
leader, marched against the Indians, whom they defeated. 
The people recovered for a time the rights which they formerly 
enjoyed ; but in the midst of their successes Bacon suddenly 
died. 

What afterward occurred ? 

Berkeley then caused twenty-two of the insurgents to be 
hanged; and fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced 
his administration until he was recalled by the king. 

What can, you state of the subsequent history of the colony ? 

Upon the recall of Berkeley, in 1677, Virginia became a 
proprietary government, with Lord Culpepper as governor. 
Culpepper ruled till 1684, when, in consequence of his mis- 
management, the king revoked the grant which had been 
made to him and Arlington, in 1673, and deprived him of his 
office. Virginia then became a royal province again, and so 
remained till the Revolution. 



22 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAITD 
COLONIES, IN 1643. 




Map Questions. 

How is Cape Cod situated? Plymouth? Salem? Boston? Dover? Describo 
the Merrimac River. What States are on the south of Massachusetts? Where is 
Portsmouth ? 

What can you state of Capt. Smith's second voyage to America ? 

Captain John Smith, who had performed so creditable a 
part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 
1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in the region of 
Cape Cod. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 23 

What did Smith accomplish f 

He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to Cape 
Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave 
the name of New Enorland. 

What grant of land was made ty King James in 1620? 

The original Plymouth Company having been superseded 
by another, called the Council of Plymouth, King James 
granted to the latter, in 1620, all the territory between the 
fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, extending 
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 

By whom was the first permanent N'ew England settlement madef 

It was not under the direction of the Council of Plymouth, 
nor with the aid of the king, that the first permanent settlement 
was made in New England, but by a small band of Pilgrims, 
dissenters from the Church of England, who had fled from 
their own country to find an asylum from religious persecution. 
They were known in England as Puritans. 

To what place did the Pilgrims first go after leaving England? 

They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence they 
removed to Leyden (ti'-den), where, under the pastoral care of 
John Robinson, they lived for eleven years. 

Give a further history of their movements. 

From various causes they became dissatisfied with their 
residence in Holland, and obtained a grant of land from the 
London Company. A goodly number then went to South- 
ampton, England, where they were joined by other Pilgrims 
from London. 

What step did they next take f 

They had procured two vessels, the Speedwell and the May- 
flower ; but the former proving unseaworthy, the Mayflower 
sailed alone from Plymouth, with one hundred and one per- 



24 COLONIAL HlSTUiwl. 

sons, the most prominent of whom were Carver, Brewster, 
Standish, Bradford, and Winslow. 

What further can you state of the Pilgrims ? 

After a boisterous passage they reached Cape Cod Bay, 
where, in the cabin of the Mayflower, they agreed to a solemn 
compact for their government, and unanimously elected Carver 
governor for one year. 

At what place did they land ? 

On the 21st of December, 1620, they landed at Plymouth, 
Massachusetts, and there made their settlement — the first in 
New England. 

What is said of their sufferings at Plymouth ? 

The winter was severe, and in less than five months nearly 
half of that Pilgrim band died from the eflfects of exposure and 
privations. Carver and his wife being among the number. 
William Bradford was the second governor. 

Wh^t treaty was formed with the Indians? 

In 1621 a treaty of friendship was made with Massasoit 
[mas-sas'-so-it)j chief of the Wampanoags {wom-pa-no' -ags), 
which was sacredly kept for more than thirty years. Canoni- 
cus, chief of the Narragansetts, kept the colonists in fear for 
awhile, but the decisive course of Bradford eventually com- 
pelled him to sue for peace. 

What colony in Massachusetts was planted next after Plymouth ? 

A company of persons interested in the fisheries of New 
England, having purchased a tract of land, sent a hundred 
persons, under the charge of Endicott. These settled at 
Salem, in 1628, thus laying the foundation of the Massachu- 
setts Bay Colony. The colony grew rapidly by the addition 
of new settlements, especially by the one at Boston, com- 
menced in 1630. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



25 



I^EW HAMPSHIRE 




PORTSMOUTH AND VICINITT. 



What can you state of the first 
settling of New Hampshire ? 

The fir^t settlements in New 
Hampshire were made at Little 
Harbor and Dover in 1623, under 
a grant which Ferdinand Gorges 
(gor'-jes) and John Mason had ob- 
tained from the Council of Plymouth. 

What can you state of the claims of 
Wheelwright and Mason. 

Although the grant to Gorges and Mason included all the 
territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec, the Rev. 
John Wheelwright, in 1629, purchased of the Indians a por- 
tion of the same territory. In the same year Mason obtained, 
from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, of the country 
which Wheelwright had purchased, and to this he gave the 
name of New Hampshire. 

What land controversy afterward took place? 

After the death of Mason a vexations controversy took 
place, in consequence of the land claims which his heirs made; 
and it was not terminated until they relinquished all the un- 
occupied portions of the province. 

What was the political connection between N. Hampshire and Mass. ? 

The district of New Hampshire was several times connected 
with Massachusetts, but in 1741 it became a separate province, 
and so continued till the Revolution. 

2 



26 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



CONNECTICUT. 



Scale 







■VrCTBTTTT OE 
LON& ISLAND SOUND 



Map Questions. 

What l^ofly of water on the south of Connecticut? What rivers flow into Long 
Island Sound ? How is Windsor situated ? New Haven ? Suybrook ? Hartford ? 

What can you state of the settling of Connecticut? 

Three colonies were planted within the limits of Connecti- 
cut. The first at Windsor, in 1633, by Captain Holmes and 
a company from Plymouth ; the second at Saybrook, in 1685 ; 
and the third at New Haven, in 1638. 

What further history can you give of the first colony? 

The Dutch, to assert their claim to territory, had built a 
fort on the Connecticut, which menaced Holmes and his com- 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 27 

pany as they passed up the river ; but the threat ^vas un- 
heeded. 

Can you give any further history of the colony f 

The colony on the Connecticut, called the Connecticut 
Colony, received important additions from Massachusetts in 
1635 ; and, in the following year, other additions by a second 
emigration from the same place, conducted by the Rev. Thomas 
Hooker. 

What troubles did the colonists have with the Indians ? 

The Pequods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting the southeast 
part of Connecticut, having committed many acts of hostility, 
war was declared against them in 1637. 

What account can you give of the expedition against the Fequods? 

Captain John Mason, with a force of colonists and friendly 
Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort and 
wigwams, killed more than six hundred of their number, and 
completely broke them up as a tribe. 

How were the three colonies of Connecticut united f 

The colony of Saybrook maintained its separate existence 
until 1644. By its annexation in that year to the Connecticut 
Colony, only two colonies remained, which were united in 
1665, under a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles 
IL, of England. 

What attempt was made to deprive Connecticut of her charter ? 

Andros, who had been appointed royal governor of New 
England, in 1687 appeared before the Connecticut Assembly, 
in session at Hartford, and demanded the surrender of the 
charter ; but, during the discussion that arose, it was carried off 
and hid in the hollow of a tree. 



28 COLONIAL HISTORY. 



EHODE ISLAND. 

Map Questions. 

"What State between Massachusetts and Connecticut? (See map, p. 2.) In what 
direction from Plymoutti is Providence? In what direction is Newport from Provi- 
dence? How is Providence situated? On what island is Newport? Ana. Ehode 
Island. 

By icJiom was Rliode Island settled ? 

Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who had been 
banished from Massachusetts because of his denunciation of 
the religious intolerance practiced there, as well as for certain 
opinions touching civil matters. 

When and icliere did Williams settle ? 

The settlement was made in 1636 at Providence, on lands 
purchased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com- 
memorate "God's merciful providence to him in his distress?" 

What caused the colony to grow rapidly ? 

The great freedom in religious matters enjoyed at Provi- 
dence, and the democratic government of the colony, caused 
immigrants to flock thither in large numbers. 

What second settlement was made in Rhode Island ? 

In 1637, William Coddington, who had been subjected to 
religious persecution in Boston, accepted an invitation from 
Williams, purchased from the Indians the island of Rhode 
Island, and settled there. 

When were the two settlements united? 

Rather than admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, 
Williams Avent to England, and obtained a charter whereby 
the two settlements of Rhode Island were united in 1644, 
under one government, as the Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 29 



MASSACHUSETTS. 

FROM THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643, TO 
"THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." 

Map Questions. 

In what direction from Swanzey is Plymouth ? (See map, p. 00.) Annapolis from 
Boston? (See map, p. 00.) How is Annapolis situated? On what is Louisburg? 

What colonial union was made in 1G43 ? 

Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven 
formed a union in 1643, for mutual protection against the 
Dutch, French, and Indians. This union lasted nearly fifty years. 

Why did not Rhode Island join the confederacy? 

Rhode Island was refused admittance into the union, because 
she would not consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and 
lose her separate existence. 

What trouble commenced in 1656 ? 

In 1656 a serious trouble commenced, growing out of the 
arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from England. 
They had been represented as a people of peculiar opinions 
and conduct, and consequently they were persecuted. Many 
were banished, four were executed, and others were whipped 
or cast into prison. 

JEow were the troubles brought to an end? 

The great severity of the measures against them caused a 
general feeling of condemnation ; and, after five years of trouble, 
they were allowed to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. 

Mow did King Philip's war commence ? 

In 16Y5 an Indian war broke out by an attack made by 
King Philip, a son and successor of Massasoit, upon the town 
of Swanzev. 



30 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

What liad prompted Philip') to make war ? 

A converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary 
among his people, made known the fact that Philip was con- 
cerned in a plot for the extermination of the colonists. This 
man was afterward found murdered. The execution by tbe 
whites of three Indians, convicted of the murder, may be con- 
sidered as the immediate cause of the war. 

What can you state of the further conduct of the Indians f 
' Although a treaty of peace had been made with the Narra- 
gansetts, they proved unfaithful, and became the allies of 
Philip, carrying death and destruction throughout the country 
for miles around. 

What can you state of the closing scenes of the war? 

A strong force was sent against the Indians, and, in an im- 
mense swamp in the southern part of Rhode Island, they were 
defeated with great loss. Yet they continued their depreda- 
tions till the death of Philip, which occurred in 1676, he 
being shot by one of his own tribe. 

What intelligence from England caused rejoicings in Boston? 

The news of the English revolution, in which James 11. had 
been driven from the throne, and William of Orange declared 
king, caused great rejoicings among the people of Boston. 

Hoio did the people treat the royal officers of the colony ? 

They seized Governor Andros and his officers, who bad 
.made themselves obnoxious by their unjust and oppressive 
measures, and sent them to England. 

What war grew out of the dethronement of King James? 

•lames having fled to France, the monarch of that country 
■espoused his cause. This, principally, led to a contest between 
the two powers, known as King William's War, in which the 
respective colonists became involved. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 

WTiat were the principal events of the war in America f 
An expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts, and commanded 
by Sir William Phipps, captured Port Royal, and secured a 
large amount of booty. A second expedition, also commanded 
by Phipps, for the conquest of Canada, proved a failure. 

What was the length of the war f 

The war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick {riz'- 
wick), in 1697, a period of about eight years. 

What had the king done in reference to the government of Mass. ? 

During the war, King William, refusing to restore to 
Massachusetts the charter which James II. had taken away, 
in consequence of the opposition showed by the colony to the 
" Navigation Act," granted a new charter, which united 
Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia in one 
royal government. 

Of what unwise m,easure was the new government guilty ? 

One of the first acts under the new government was the 
formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who were 
accused of witchcraft, the belief in which, at the time, pre- 
vailed among the people of Salem and the neighboring towns. 

Wh^t further account can you give of the delusion f 

Twenty persons were put to death, more than fifty were tor- 
tured or frightened into a confession, and many suff"ered im- 
prisonment. The delusion lasted more than six months. 

How was the next war after King William's brought about ? 

Upon the death of James II., which occurred in France, the 
French monarch acknowledged his son as king of England. 
This tended to produce a spirit of resentment in England, 
where the crown had been settled upon Anne (aw), the second 
daughter of James. 

What was the consequence f 



32 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

A war followed between England on the one side, and 
France and Spain on the other, known, in America, as Queen 
Anne's War; in Europe, as The War of the Spanish Suc- 
cession. 

What was the most important event of the war ? 

The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from Massa- 
chusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years before, was 
the most important event of the war. The name of the place 
was changed to Annapolis, in honor of the English queen, and 
Acadia was permanently annexed to the British realm. 

What was the length of the war f 

The war continued about eleven years, hostilities having 
commenced in 1702, and being terminated by the treaty of 
Utrecht {u'-trekt) in 1713. 

now long did peace last f 

A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which was broken 
by King George's War, commenced in 1744. 

What was the origin of the war ? 

The war had its origin in disputes relating to the kingdom 
of Austria, and was therefore known in Europe as The War 
of the Austrian Succession. 

What was the most important event of the war f 

Its most important event was the capture of Louisburg by 
a force, mostly of New England troops, under William Pep- 
perill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Commodore 
Warren. 

How long did the war co?itinue ? 

The contest was terminated by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle 
{akes la sha-pel'), in 1748, by which all acquisitions of terri- 
tory, made during the war, were mutually restored. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



33 



ITEW YOEK. 



THE STATE OT 

NEW YORK 




Map Questions. 

What States on the east of New York State ? What large city at the mouth of 
the Hudson River? How is Albany situated? Schenectady? Describe the Mo- 
hawk River. 

When, and ly whom, was the Hudson River discovered ? 

The Hudson River was discovered in 1609 by Henry Hud- 
son, an English navigator, then sailing in the service of " The 
Dutch East India Company." 

What exploration did Hudson make f 

His object was to find a north-west passage to the Pacific 
Ocean ; in pursuance of which he sailed up the river to the 



34r COLONIAL HISTORY. 

head of ship navigation, and continued his explorations in a 
small boat some miles further. 

What measures were taken ly the Dutch to settle the country? 

In 1614, the Dutch built a fort on Manhattan, or New York 
Island ; and, in the following year, erected another at Albany, 
which was called Fort Orange. 

What settlements were afterward made ? 

The actual colonization of the country did not take place 
until 1623. In that year two settlements were made; one at 
Fort Orange, the site of Albany ; and the other on Manhattan 
Island, to which the name of New Amsterdam was given. 

Wliat extent of territory was claimed hy the Dutch ? 

The territory claimed by the Dutch included the whole 
region from Cape Cod to the southern shore of Delaware 
Bay ; this they called New Netherlands — a name generally 
applied only to that part actually in their possession. 

Who were the successive Dutch governors f 

The first Dutch governor was Peter Minuits ; the second, 
Wouter Van Twiller ; the third, Sn- William Kieft {keeft); 
and the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant. 

What did the English do to get possession of New Netherlands ? 

In 1664, Charles II., king of England, disregarding the 
claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the Duke of 
York, the whole region from the Connecticut Eiver to Dela- 
ware Bay ; and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, was sent to take 
possession. 

What can you say of the surrender of the place f 

When Nicolls appeared before New Amsterdam, the people, 
hoping to enjoy more freedom under English rule, determined 
at once to surrender ; but Stuyvesant held out until the town 
was actually in the possession of Nicolls. 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 

What changes then took jyiace ? 

Nicolls was the first English governor. New Amsterdam 
was called New York ; and Fort Orange received the name of 
Albany, 

Was New Netherlands ever again in possession of the Butch ? 

In 1673, during a war between England and Holland, the 
Dutch regained their former possessions ; but after a period of 
only fifteen months, returned them to the English. Sir Ed- 
mund Andros, the tyrant, was then appointed governor. 

What can you say of the "Negro Plot?" 

In 1741, several incendiary fires occurred in the city of 
New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. Witnesses 
testified that the negroes had conspired to burn the city, mur- 
der the inhabitants, and set up a government of their own. 

What followed? 

An intense excitement followed, and before it was allayed 
more than thirty persons, condemned as having been engaged 
in the alleged plot, were executed, and others were transported 
to foreign parts. 



NEW JEKSEY, 



Map Questions. 



How is New Jersey situated? (See map, p. 38.) "What river is on the west of the 
State ? What water on the east ? Where is the city of Elizabeth ? (See map, p. 38.) 

What can you state of the settlement of New Jersey? 

The Dutch, who included New Jersey in the province of 
New Netherlands, formed a trading settlement at Bergen, and 
also built a fort on the Delaware ; but the settlement of Eliza- 



36 COLONIAL HTSTORY. 

bethtown, now Elizabeth, in 1664, is considered as the begin- 
ning of colonization in New Jersey. 

Who became the proprietors of New Jersey in 1664? 

In 1664, before the settlement of Elizabethtown, the Duke 
of York, to whom the king of England had granted New 
Netherlands, sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret. 

How did New Jersey thrive under Berkeley and Cartaret ? 

The liberal offers at first made to emigrants induced many 
to settle. After the Dutch had, for the second time, relin- 
quished possession of New Netherlands, Andros was appointed 
governor, and he repeatedly interfered with the rights of 
Berkeley and Carteret. 

What disposition was afterward made of New Jersey? 

Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to an English 
Quaker; and, in 1682, the whole territory became, by pur- 
chase, the property of William Penn and other Quakers. 

What can you state of the subsequent colonial history of N. Jersey? 

In 1702, the proprietors surrendered their powers of govern- 
ment to the crown, when New Jersey became a royal province 
united to New York. In 1738, the connection was severed, 
and from that time to the Revolution, New Jersey was a sepa- 
rate province. 



MAEYLANTD. 

Map Questions. 

What large bay divides Maryland? (See map, p, 16.) What State on the east of 
Maryland ? On the west? On the north ? Where was St. Mary's situated ? 

Of what colony was Maryland once apart ? 

By the second charter granted to the London Company, the 



COLONIAL HISTORY. ^7 

limits of Virginia embraced all the territory which afterwanl 
formed the States of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina 

WTiat can you say of a license granted ly the king f 

In 1631, William Clayborne obtained a license from Charles 
I. to traffic with the Indians ; and under this authority a trad- 
ing post w^as established on an island in Chesapeake Bay, and 
another at the mouth of the Susquehanna. 

What grant was afterward made of Maryland ? 

The territory of Maryland was afterward granted to Cecil 
(se'-sil) Calvert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, whose title was 
Lord Baltimore. The grant thus made was the most liberal 
one that had been allowed ; for by it equality in religious 
rights and civil freedom was guaranteed to all emigrants. 

When and where was the first settlement made f 

The first settlement was made in 1634, at St. Mary's, by 
about two hundred emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics; and 
Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, was the first gov- 
ernor. 

What can you say of Clayhorne's rebellion ? 

Clayborne, who had refused to submit to the authority of 
the governor, in 1645 incited a rebellion, and compelled 
Calvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. 

Who, after Cecil Calvert, was the 'proprietor of Maryland ? 

After the death of Cecil Calvert, his son, Charles, became 
the proprietor of the province, of which he retained possession 
until deprived of it by King William, in 1691. Lionel Copley 
was then appointed royal governor. 

WTiat can you state of the further history of Maryland ? 

In 1715 the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant 
heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained a pro- 
prietary government from that time till the Revolution. 



38 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



PENJ^SYLYANIA 




Map Questions. 

"■What river separates New Jersey from Pennsylvania? How is Philadelphia situ- 
-afced? How is Delaware situated? In which part of Delaware is Wilmington situ- 
.sated? (See map, p. 16) 

What can you state of a grant made to Penn ? 

Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil and re- 
ligious liberty would be enjoyed, and where the people mig-la 
dwell together in the bonds of peace, William Penn obtained 
from Charles II. a grant of all the territory within the present 
limits of Pennsylvania. 

What additional grant did Penn receive 9 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 39 

From the Duke of York, Penn also obtained a grant of 
Delaware, then called " The Territories," or " The Three Lower 
Counties on the Delaware." 

When and hy ichom was Pennsylvania settled ? 

The permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates from the 
founding of Philadelphia in 1682, by Penn; though small 
settlements of Swedes had been previously made both in 
Pennsylvania and Delaware. 

What important meeting did Penn ham with the Indians ? 

Penn met the Indians beneath a wide-spreading elm, at a 
place now called Kensington, a suburb of Philadelphia, and 
paid them for their lands. 

What can you state of the prospenty of Perm's cMony ? 

The wisdom of his course toward the Indians, as well as of 
his government generally, was soon apparent, for the colony 
had a more rapid and peaceful growth than any other in 
America. 

What further can you relate of the history of Pennsylvania? 

Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in 1718, he left 
his American possessions to his sons. They administered the 
government, most of the time by deputies, until the Revolu- 
tion, when their claims were purchased by the commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania. 



DELAWAKE, 



What can you say of the settlement of Delaware ? 
Delaware was settled in 1638, on Christiana Creek, near 
Wilmington, by a company of Swedes. 

What was the extent of the terntory of the Swedes f 



40 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

The settlers purchased of the Indians all the territory from 
Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware, calling it New 
Sweden. 

What befell the Swedish colony? 

Governor Stuyvesant, of New Netherlands, regarding the 
Swedish settlements as intrusions upon the territory of the 
Dutch colony, in 1655 proceeded against them, and subjected 
the Swedes to the authority of Holland. 

What further can you state of the history of Delaware ? 

The Dutch retained possession until 1664. From that time 
till 1682, Delaware was a part of the province of New York. 

What further still can you state of the history of Delaware? 

By the grant to Penn, in 1682, Delaware was united to 
Pennsylvania, and, although the settlers in " The Territories" 
became dissatisfied with Penn's government, and were granted 
an assembly of their own, Pennsylvania and Delaware con- 
tinued under one governor until the Revolution. 



NOETH AND SOUTH CAEOLIE'A. 

What can you state of the settlement of North Carolina f 

About the year 1650 emigrants from Virginia made a settle- 
ment upon the Chowan River, calling it " The Albemarle 
County Colony. 

What extensice grant loas afterward made hy Glmrles II. ? 

Charles II. afterw;ird granted the whole region from Vir- 
ginia to the middle of Florida, and known as Carolina, to Lord 
Clarendon and seven other noblemen of England. 

What second settlement was made in Carolina? 

In 1665 a company of planters from Barbadoes made a 



COLONIAL HISTORY. 



41 




oltlte 

CAROLINAS 

10 30 60 , ^., 



Map Questions. 

"What State is on the south of Virginia ? On the south of North Carolina? On 
the south of South Carolina? Describe the Chowan Elver. How is Edenton situ- 
ated? Wilmington? Charleston? Savannah? 

settlement near Wilmington, calling it " The Clarendon County 
Colony." 

What third seftlsment was made in Carolina ? 

In 1670, a colony, known as " The Carteret County Colony," 
was planted on the western bank of the Ashley River ; this, 
in consequence of not being well located for commercial fa- 
cilities, was removed, ten years after, to the junction of the 
Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus the foundation of Charles- 
ton was laid. 

What took place in 1729 ? ' 

In 1729, Carolina was sold to the king of England, and 



42 COLONIAL HISTORY. 

separated into North and South Carolina. From that time 
till the Revolation they were royal provinces. 



GEOKGIA. 



What grant of Georgia was made to a corporation ? 

To a corporation, consisting of James Oglethorpe [o-gl-thorp) 
and twenty other trustees, George II., of England, granted, 
for twenty-one years, all the country between the Savannah 
and the Altamaha. 

What was the ohject of the corporation ? 

The object of Oglethorpe and his associates was to provide 
an asylum in America for the destitute of England, the grant 
being " in trust for the poor.'' 

When and where was tlie first settlement made ? 

The first settlement was made in lt33, the year after the 
grant, at Savannah. 

What can you say of the growth of the colony f 

The colony made rapid increase in numbers, but owing to 
the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as a!so to the im- 
politic regulations of the trustees, it did not grow much in 
wealth. 

What trouUes were had with a neighboring colony f 

Georgia being claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, hos- 
tilities took place between the English settlers and their 
Spanish neighbors, which, owing to the bravery and skill of 
Oglethorpe, terminated to the advantage of the English. 

When and how did Georgia become a royal province ? 

The trustees governed till 1752, when, wearied with their 
troublesome charge, they surrendered their charter to the 
crown, and Georgia became a royal province. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 43 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Give an account of tlie settlement of Virginia. (See page 16.) 
— 2. What can you state of the government of the colony? (17.) — 
3. Why did not the colony prosper at first ? — 4. By wliom was Cape 
Cod discovered ? — 5. When did Gosnold make the discovery ? Aiu. 
In 1602.— 6. What can you state of Wingfield?— 7. Of Ratcliflfe?— 
8. Of Smith's character ? — 9. Of his capture, and escape from death ? 
(17, 18.) — 10. In relation to the second Virginia charter? — 11. ^Vhat 
circumstances induced Smith to remain inoflBce? — 12. What further 
account can you give of Smith ? (18, 33, 34.) — 13. Give an account 
of the "starving time." (18, 19.) — 14. What can you state of Lord 
Delaware? (18, 19.)— 15. Of Sir Thomas Gates? (18, 19.)— 16. How 
many charters were granted to the London Company? (14, 15, 18, 
19.) — 17. State all you can in relation to Pocahontas. (18, 19.) — 18. 
In relation to the commencement of negro slavery in America. (19.) 
— 19. In relation to Indian troubles in Virginia. (20.)— 20. In rela- 
tion to the " Navigation Act." (20,31.) — 21. In relation to Culpep- 
per's connection with Virginia. (20, 21.) — 22. Give an account of 
Bacon's Rebellion. (20, 21.) — 23. What grant was made to the 
Council of Plymouth? (23.) — 24. By whom was New England 
settled ? — 25. Give an account of the movements of the Pilgrims be- 
fore they reached America. (23, 24.) — 26. What solemn act took 
place just before they landed? (24.) — 27. State all you can of Car- 
ver.— 28. Of Bradford.— 28. Of Massasoit.— 29. Of Canonicus.— 30. 
Of the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. — 31. Of the 
settlement of New Hampshire. (25.) — 32. What conflicting claims 
to New Hampshire lands occurred ? — 33. How many and what colo- 
nies were planted in Connecticut ? (26.) — 34. State all you can of 
the Connecticut colony. (26, 27.) — 35. Give an account of the Pe- 
quod War. (37.) — 36. State what you can of the Saybrook colony. 
(26, 27.)— 37. Of the New Haven colony. (26, 27.)— 38. Of Andros. 
(27, 30, 35, 36.)— 39. Of Roger WiUiams. (28.)— 40. Of William 
Coddington. — 41. Of the union of the two Rhode Island settlements. 
(28.)— 42. Of the union formed in 1643. (29.)— 43. Of the persecu- 
tion of the Quakers.— 44. Of King Philip's War. (29, 30.) — 45. 
Give an account of King William's Wai^ (30, 31.) — 46. Of the " Salem 



44 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

Witclicraft." (31)— 47. Of Queen Anne's War. (31, 32.)— 49. State 
wliat you can of Henry Hudson. (33, 34.) — 50. Of the settlement on 
Manhattan Island. (34, 35.) — 51. Of the settlement at Albany. (34, 
35.)— 52. Of Peter Stuyvesant. (34.)— 53. Of Colonel Nicolls. (34, 
35.)— 54. Give the whole account of the " Negro Plot." (35.)— 55. 
Of the settlement of New Jersey. (35, 36.)— 56. Of the Duke of 
York's connection with New Jersey. (36.) — 57. Of WiUiam Penn's. 
— 58. Of Clayborne's with Maryland. (37.) — 59. Give an account of 
the settlement of Maryland.— 60. What grant of land was made to 
Penn? (38.) — 61. What was Penn's object in accepting the grant? 
— 62. What can you say of the settlement of Pennsylvania ? (39.) 
— 63. How did Penn make the title to liis lands perfect ? — 64. When 
and by whom was Delaware first settled? — 65. How were the 
Swedes of Delaware subjected to the rule of the Dutch? (40.) — 
66. Give the subsequent colonial history of Delaware. (40.) — 67. 
What three colonies were established in North and South Carolina ? 
(40, 41.) — 68. What can you state of the Albemarle County colony? 
—69. Of the Clarendon County colony ? (41.)— 70. Of the Carteret 
County colony ? — 71. What can you state of the subsequent colonial 
history of North and South Carolina? (41, 42) — 72. How did the 
Georgia colony originate ? (42.) — 73. State all you can of Oglethorpe. 
(42.) — 74. What settlement was made in 1733?— 75. When was 
Georgia settled ? — 76. Why did not the colony grow in wealth as 
well as numbers ? (42.) — 77. What claim to Georgia territory was 
made? — 78. What can you state of the hostilities that occurred? — 
79. What change took place in 1752 ? — 80. How is Savannah situ- 
ated? (See map, p. 41.) — 81. Into what body of water does the 
Savannah River flow ? — 82. What town is situated at the mouth of 
the Chowan .Eiver? — 83. Into what body of water does the Chowan 
flow ? — 83. On what river is Wilmington situated ? Ans. Cape Fear 
River. — 84. Into what body of water does Cape Fear River flow ? — 
85. Which of the colonies was settled in 1607? (16.)— 86. Which 
in 1614? (34.)— 87. In 1620? (24.)— 88. In 1623? (25.)— 89. In 
1633 ? (26.)— 90. In 1634 ? (37.)— 91. In 1636 ? (28.)- 92. In 1638 ? 
(39.)— 93. In 1650? (40.)— 94. In 1664 ? (36.)— 95. In 1670 ? (41.) 
—96. In 1682 ? (39.)— 97. In 1733 V (42.)— 98. When was Georgia 
settled? (42.)— 99. South Carolina? (41.)— 100. North Carolina? (40.) 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



45 



MDiit3?eaF 



SHOWINGTHE LOCATION 

or SOME OF THE 

MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS 

or 
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 

-^ 

c 




f 'ifiries 



46 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

SECTION III. 

The French and Indian War. 

Map Questions. (See map, p. 45.) 

"Where is the St. Lawrence River ? The Ohio ? Describe the Alleghany River. 
The Monongahela. How was Fort Duquesne situated ? Furt Necessity ? Fort Os- 
wego ? Fort William Henry? Fort Edward? Fort Frontenac? Fort Niagara ? Fort 
Ticonderoga? Kittaning? Where is Williamsburg? Lake George? Crown Point? 
Louisburg ? (See map, page 50.) Quebec ? Plains of Abraham ? Isle of Orleans ? 
Nova Scotia? 

What territory in North America did the English claim? 

The English, basuig their title upon the discoveries made 
by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from Newfound- 
land to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 

What claim did the French set up f 

The French claimed all the interior portion adjacent to the 
rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and their tributaries; and, 
the better to secure this claim, they erected forts at various 
places through the region. 

To what did the conflicting claims lead f 

In consequence of these conflicting claims a war broke out 
between England and her colonies on the one side, and France 
and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the other, 
which is known as " The French and Indian War." 

EVENTS OF 1753. 

What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company? 

At the time of the breaking out of the war, there was in 
existence an organization, known as the Ohio Company, which 
had obtained from the king of England a grant of land on 
and near the Ohio River, for the purpose of carrying on the 
fur trade with the Indians, and of settling the country. 

What message was sent to the French ? 

The French, having seized three British traders, and also 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 47 

built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, Governor Din- 
widdle, of the Virginia Colony, sent a letter to the French 
commander, remonstrating against these aggressive acts. 

What further account can you give of the message ? 

George Washington, the bearer of the letter, set out on his 
mission on the last day of October, 1753; and after an ab- 
sence of eleven weeks, during which he encountered severe 
hardships, amid snow, icy floods, and hostile Indians, he re- 
turned to Williamsburg, havingaccomplished his object. 

EVENTS OF 1754. 

WJiat reply did Washington hri7ig to Dinwiddie's letter f 

The reply of St. Pierre (pe-dre'), the French commander, 
was unsatisfactory. In his letter he stated that he was acting 
under orders, and that he could not leave the territory. 

What measures were then taken against the French f 

At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela 
rivers the Ohio Company commenced the construction of a 
fort; and a body of troops, commanded by Washington, was 
sent to protect the works. 

Did the Ohio Company complete the fort f 

Before Washington had time to reach the place, a party of 
French and Indians suddenly appeared and took possession. 
The works were then completed, and called Fort Duquesne 
[doo-kane'). 

What course did Washington then pursue f 

Learning the disaster, and that a strong force was march- 
ing to intercept him, Washington fell back, and took a position 
at a place called the Great Meadows. 

Oim an account of the contest that took place soon after. 

With the determination of forestalling the hostile design of 
an advanced detachment of the French, he came upon them 



48 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

by surprise, and, in the contest that followed, 28th of May, 
1754, killed or captured all but one. 

What battle afterward took place f 

In little more than a month after, a force of fifteen hundred 
French and Indians, commanded by De Villiers [vil-le-dre'), 
made an attack upon a small fort which Washington had con- 
structed, and named Fort Necessity. 

What Ojccount can you give of the tattle f 

Washington made a brave defense of ten hours, but, on the 
morning of the 4th of July, was compelled to surrender, 
though upon condition that he and the garrison should be 
permitted to return to Virginia. 

EVENTS OF 1755. 

What expeditions were planned for 1755 ? 

Four expeditions, on the part of the English, were planned 
for 1755 ; namely, against Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Niagara, 
and Fort Duquesne. 

Oive an account of the first. 

The expedition against Nova Scotia was commanded by 
Col. Monckton {monk'-tun). Two forts were captured in June, 
and a beautiful and fertile country was reduced to a solitude. 

Oive an account of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. 

Gen. Braddock, who had been sent to America as com- 
mander-in-chief, headed the expedition against Duquesne. 
Disregarding the suggestions of AVashington, who was acting 
as aid-de-camp, he fell into an ambush of French and Indians, 
July the 9th, and was defeated with great loss, he, himself, being 
mortally wounded. 

What can you say of the expedition against Niagara ? 

The defeat of Braddock paralyzed the expedition against 
Niagara ; and, after troops had been delayed at Oswego for 
months, the design was abandoned. 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



4y 



JSow was the expedition against Crown Point undertaken ? 

Gen. Johnson, commanding the expedition against Crown 
Point, proceeded as far as the head of Lake George, ^Yhere, 
Sept. 8, he was attacked by Baron Dieskau (de-es-ko') : the 
timely arrival of Gen. Lyman from Fort Edward gave the 
victory to the English, and the French commander was incur- 
ably wounded, and made a prisoner. 

What was afterward done ly Johnson ? 

Johnson, after erecting Fort William Henry, retired to Al- 
bany. As a reward for his services the British government 
gave him a baronetcy and £5,000. 



EVENTS OF 1756. 

What did the French accomplish in 1756 ? 

The Marquis de Montcalm [mont-kam'), Dieskau's successor, 
in August, 1756, made an attack 
upon Oswego, and compelled the 
English, numbering fourteen hundred 
men, to surrender. A large amount 
of stores and money also fell into 
the hands of the victor. 

Did the English accomplish any thing 
in 1756 ? 

T • 1 1 -r. 1 . . •, OSWEGO. 

Incited by trench emissaries, the 
Indians of the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. 
Armstrong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittaning, 
their chief town, and destroyed it by fire. 




EVENTS OF 1757. 

What was the principal military operation of 1757 ? 
With nine thousand men Montcalm laid siege to Fort Wil- 
liam Henry. For six days its commander, Col. Monroe, kept 



50 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 



up a vigorous defence, but, at last, surrendered, capitulating 
that the o-arrison should have a safe escort to Fort Edward, 

Was the stipulation observed ? 

Just as the English had left, August 9, lYoV, the Indian 
allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope of plunder, attacked 
them and massacred a large number. 

EVENTS OF 1758. 

Map Questions. 

How is Annapolis situated? Halifax? Louisburg? Quebec? Portsmouth? 
Boston ? Into what water does the St. Lawrence flow ? The Kennebec ? 




Scale of Males. 



O 50 uoo 



^ NOVA SCOTIA,''^ 
NEWBRUNSWiCK 



TICUTITT 



Who, up to 1758, icere the successive English commanders f | 

Upon the death of Braddock, which occurred four days 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 51 

after his defeat in l7o5, the general command devolved upon 
Governor Shirley. Shirley was soon succeeded by Lord 
Loudon, and he, in turn, by Gen. Abercrombie. 

What expeditions were planned for 1758 ? 

Three expeditions were planned for 1758 ; one, under Gen. 
Amherst, against Louisburg; another, under Abercrombie, 
against Fort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under Gen. Forbes, 
against Fort Duquesne. 

What account can you give of the expedition against Louisburg ? 

On the 26th of July Louisburg surrendered, after a des- 
perate resistance of more than forty days, during which two 
officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, greatly distinguished them- 
selves by their bravery. 

Crive an account of the expedition under AbercromUe. 

In the expedition against Ticonderoga, a conflict took place 
between advanced bodies of the contending parties, in which 
Lord Howe, an English officer greatly beloved, was slain. 

What further account can you give ? 

Two days after, July 8th, an unsuccessful assault upon the 
fort was made in full force, the assailants losing nearly two 
thousand men in killed and wounded. 

How was the failure against Ticonderoga relieved? 

An expedition, under Col. Bradstreet, who commanded a 
detachment of Abercrombie's army, was afterward undertaken 
with decided success. Fort Frontenac, situated where Kingston 
now stands, was captured ; and, with the fort, a vast amount 
of military stores and a number of vessels fell into the hands 
of the victors. 

Give an account of the expedition under Gen. Forbes. 

Though Major Grant, commanding the van of Forbes's army, 
sustained a defeat, the French set fire to Fort Duquesne upon 
the approach of the English, and retreated down the Ohio. 



52 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

EVENTS OF 1759. 

What plan of operations was adopted for 1759 ? 

The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the reduc- 
tion of Canada. Gen. Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; 
Amherst, who had succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in- 
chief, was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point ; and Gen. 
Prideaux [pre-do') was to go against Niagara. 

What can you state of the expedition against Niagara ? 

Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but during the siege of 
the place was killed. Sir William Johnson, having succeeded 
to the command, defeated a relief force of French and Indians, 
and compelled the besieged to surrender. 

What account can you give of Amherst's expedition ? 

Amherst having reached the vicinity of Ticonderoga, the 
French abandoned both it and Crown Point without striking a 
blow. 

Give an account of Wolfe's operations. 

With eight thousand men Wolfe ascended the St. Lawrence 
and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. On the 31st 
of July he made a daring though unsuccessful attempt upon 
the French intrcnchments before Quebec. 

Give a further account of Wolfe's operations. 

Not discouraged by the disaster, the English effected a land- 
ing at night about two miles above the city, and climbing 
the steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on the following 
morning, September 13th, stood on the Plains of Abraham in 
battle array. 

What followed? 

Montcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by the English, 
left his strong position, and at once attacked them. A fierce 
and bloody battle followed, which resulted in the defeat of the 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 63 

French. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory. Montcalm, 
mortally wounded, on being told of his condition, replied : 
" So much the better ; I shall not live to see the surrender of 
Quebec." 

EVENTS OF 1760, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 

Did the French undertake to recover Quebec? 

Quebec having fallen into the hands of the English, De 
Levi, the successor of Montcalm, made an attempt to recover 
the place on the 28th of April, 1*760. 

Give an account of the contest. 

The contest took place about three miles above the city. 
The English, after losing a thousand men, fell back ; and the 
opportune arrival of a British fleet, some days after, compelled 
the French to retreat. 

What measures completed the conquest of Canada f 

Amherst, having invested Montreal, the governor signed a 
capitulation, by which not only that city but the whole of 
Canada was surrendered to the English. 

When was the war brought to a close f 

On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace was signed 
at Paris, by which France ceded to Great Britain all her 
American possessions east of the Mississippi. 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. What claim did the discoveries of the Cabots give to the Eng- 
lish ? (46.) — 3. How is Newfoundland situated ? (See map, p. 8.) — 
3. Where is Florida? — 4. What territory did the French claim? 
(46.) — 5. Why did the French lay claim to that territory ? Ans. 
Because they occupied it. 6. What precaution was taken by the 
French to secure their claim ? (46.) — 7. What was the origin of the 
French and Indian War ? — 8. State aU you can of the Ohio Co. (46, 47.) 



54 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

9. When and where was Washington born ? Ans. On the 22d of Febru- 
ary, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. — 10. On what mission was 
he sent in 1753? (47.) — 11. How old was Washington at that time? — 12. 
Where was Fort Duquesne situated? (Map, p. 45.) — 13. Why was it called 
Fort Duquesne ? Ans. In honor of the Marquis Du Quesne, the com- 
mander-in-chief of the French forces in America. — 14. How did the 
French get possession of the fort ? — 15. What was the first battle of the 
French and Indian War? Ans. Battle of the Great Meadows. — Where 
did it take place ? (Map, p. 45.) — 17. Give an account of it. (47, 48.)— 18. 
By whom was Washington attacked at Fort Necessity ? (48.) — 19. Where 
was the fort situated? (Map, p. 45.) — 20. Give an account of the battle. 
(48.)— 21. Of the success of the English in Nova Scotia, in 1755.— 22. 
Where did Braddock's defeat occur? (Map, p. 45.)— 23. Give an account 
of his defeat. (48.)— 24. What further can you state of Braddock? (50, 61.) 
— 25. At what place did Dieskau attack Gen. Johnson ? (49.)— 26. What 
fort was afterward built on the battle-ground? — 27. Who built the fort?— 
28. What was the result of Dieskau's attack ?— 29. Johnson, upon retiring 
to Albany, stopped at Fort Edward: in what direction did he go? (Map, 
p. 45.)— 30. Give an account of Montcalm's success at Oswego. (49.) — 31. 
Of Armstrong's, at Kittaning. — 32. Of Montcalm's, at Fort William Henry. 
(49,60.) — 33. What massacre took place near the fort ? (50.) — 34. How is 
Louisburg situated? (Map, p. 50.) — 35. Give an account of Amherst's suc- 
cess there in 1758. (51.) — 36. What can you state of the fate of Lord Howe ? 
— 37. Of the result of Abercrombie's expedition ?— 38. How was Fort 
Frontenac situated ? (Map, p. 45.) — 39. What city now occupies the site 
of the old fort? (Map, p. 25.) — 40. Wliat success did Bradstreet have at 
Fort Frontenac? (51.)— 41. Give the history of Fort Duquesne. (47, 48, 61.) 
— 42. What part did Prideaux take in the war? (52.)— 43. Give an account 
of Johnson's success at Niagara. — 44. Was the fort situated in New York 
or Canada? (Map, p. 45.)— 45. What two forts feil into the hands of Am- 
herst? — 46. Which of those two forts was more north than the other? 
(Map, p. 45.) — 47. In sailing up the St. Lawrence, what island near Quebec 
do you come to ? (Map, p. 50.) — 48. How did Wolfe commence operations 
against Quebec? (52.)- -49. When was the battle of the Plains of Abra- 
ham fought? — 50. Are the Plains above or below Quebec? (Map, p. 50.) — 
51. Give an account of the battle. (52, 53.) — 52. When did Quebec surren- 
der to the English ? Ans. September 18th. — 53. What efforts did tlie French 
make to recover Quebec? (53.) — 54. Wliat final success did the English 
achieve in Canada? — 55. By what treaty was the war brouglit to a close? 
— 56. Who, at the beginning of the war, was in the chief command of the 
French? Ans. Du Quesne. — 57. Who succeeded Du Quesne? Ans. Dieskau. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 56 

SECTION IV. 

THE AMEKICAI^ EEYOLUTION. 

How did the French and Indian war affect Great Britain ? 

The expenses of the French and Indian war greatly increased 
the national debt of Great Britain, which the ministry proposed 
to reduce by taxing the colonies. 

What reply did the colonists make to this proposition f 

It was maintained by the colonists that they could only be 
justly taxed by a legislature in which tbey were represented; 
and as they were not allowed to send representatives to the 
British Parliament, that body had no right to tax them. 

How was the proposition attempted to be carried out ? 

Notwithstanding the remonstrance of the colonists, the 
Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in 1765. By its pro- 
visions all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and 
notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, &c,, were to 
be executed on stamped paper, to b.e purchased from the agent 
of the British government. 

Eow was the news of the passage of this act received in Amenca ? 

The news of the passage of this act produced intense indig- 
nation. The first burst of opposition appeared in the legisla- 
ture of Virginia, where Patrick Henry distinguished himself 
by his bold eloquence. Afterward, a more formidable oppo- 
sition was shown, when, upon the recommendation of the 
Assembly of Massachusetts, a Colonial Congress was held in 
New York 

What was accomplished hy tlie Congress at New York ? 

Nine colonies were represented in the Congress. Timothy 



56 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Ruggles, of Massachusetts, was elected president ; and a 
Declaration of rights, a Petition to the King, and a Memorial 
to Parliament were adopted. 

Was the Stamp Act allowed to go into operation ? 

When the day came on which the Stamp Act was to go 
into eflfect, there were no officials courageous enough to carry 
it into execution ; and, beside, all the stamped paper had been 
destroyed or concealed. 

By what other measures was the repeal of the Act brought about ? 

As business, with a slight interruption, continued to be con- 
ducted without stamps, and the colonial merchants agreed to 
import no more goods while the obnoxious Act remained a 
law, a change in the British ministry occurring, the Act was 
repealed in 1766. 

What was soon afterioard done by the British Parliament ? 

Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, 
passed a bill, in 1767, for levying duties on glass, paper, 
painters's colors, and tea. 

How did this Act of Parliament affect the colonists? 

The news of this and other obnoxious Acts of Parliament 
produced a revival of the feelings which had been caused by 
the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation associations 
were formed. 

What military measure was adopted in tehalf of Parliament ? 

The opposition of the people of Boston being particularly 
bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage from Halifax 
to overawe them. 

What was the effect of the movement ? 

The presence of the troops exasperated the people ; and 
affrays ensued, in one of which, called the " Boston Massacre," 
occurring on the 5th of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon 
the populace, killing three men and wounding others. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 57 

What concession was made hy Parliament ? 

The opposition to the revenue measures induced Parliament 
to revoke all the duties laid in 1767, except that of three 
pence per pound on tea ; but as the people were contending 
against the principle of " taxation without representation," and 
not against the amount of taxes imposed, the concession was 
not satisfactor}^ 

What was done with the tea hrougJit to America? 

The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent back ; 
that for Charleston was stored in cellars, where it perished. 
At Boston a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the 
ships on a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke open 
the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. 

What retaliatory measures did Parliament adopt against Boston ? 

In retaliation for this destruction of the tea, the Boston Port 
Bill, designed to destroy tlie commerce of that city, was passed 
by Parliament. 

What convention was held hy the colonies ? 

A general congress, " The First Continental Congress," with 
Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, as president, met at Philadel- 
phia, in September, 1774. 

What action was taken by the Congress ? 

After due deliberation, a declaration of rights was made ; 
the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great 
Britain recommended; and addresses were voted to the king 
and the people of Great Britain and Canada. 

EVENTS OF 1775. 

WhM was Oage's first important measure against the Americans f 
Gage, who had become the governor of Massachusetts, se- 
cretly dispatched eight hundred men, under Col. Smith and 
Major Pitcairn, to destroy the military stores at Concord. 



58 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Were the movements of the British as secret as intended ? 

The alarm was given, and when the British reached Lex- 
ington, on the morning of the 19th of April, lYYS, about 
seventy of the militia were drawn up under arms. The king's 
troops fired upon them, killing and wounding several. 

What took place at Concord ? 

At Concord some of the stores were destroyed ; but the 
militia beginning to assemble, a skirmish took place, in which 
several were killed on both sides. 

Give an account of the retreat. 

On their way back to Boston, the British were reinforced at 
Lexington, but during their entire retreat the Americans pur- 
sued, keeping up a constant and destructive fire upon them. 
The loss of the British during the day was over two hundred ; 
that of the patriots was about ninety. 

What was the effect of the battle ? 

When the news of the day's contest spread, the militia from 
all parts of New England hastened to join those of Massa- 
chusetts in forming a camp near Boston. 

What success did the Americans have on Lake Champlain ? 

It being deemed important to possess Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point, both places were captured in May by Ethan 
Allen and Benedict Arnold, and a large supply of stores se- 
cured for the patriots. 

What proclamation was issued hy the British commander ? 

Upon the arrival of reinforcements from England, under 
Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Sir Henry Clinton, Gage issued 
a proclamation declaring all Americans in arms rebels and 
traitors, but oftering pardon to those who should return to 
their allegiance. John Hancock and Samuel Adams were ex- 
cepted from this off'er. 

What defensive measures were taken ly the Americans f 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



59 



It becoming evident that the British meditated offensive 
operations, Col. Prescott was sent on the evening of the 16th 
of June, 17Y5, with a detachment of one thousand men to 
fortify Bunker Hill ; but, on attaining the heights, he con- 
cluded to fortify Breed's Hill instead, this being nearer to 
Boston. 



Map Questions. 

In what direction is Concord 
from Boston ? (See map, p. 
22.) Lexington from Boston? 
How is Boston situated ? 
Where is Charlestown ? How 
could you go from Boston to 
Breed's Hill? From Boston 
to Bunker Hill ? From Boston 
to Dorchester Heights ? From 
Boston to Cambridge ? How 
is Fort Chambly situated? 
(See map, p. GO.) St. John's ? 
Montreal ? Quebec ? (See 
map, p. 50.) Ticonderoga? 
(See map, p. 45.) Crown 
Point? 








What then was done ? 

When the British, on the following morning, discovered the 
redoubt which the Americans had constructed during the night, 
they commenced a cannonade upon it. This failing, three 
thousand men, under Howe, were sent to dislodge the patriots. 

Oive an account of the battle. 

Twice did the British approach within a few rods of the re- 
doubt, but they were each time repulsed with heavy loss. 
Clinton arriving, the third charge was more successful ; and 
the Americans, their ammunition being exhausted, were forced 
to retreat. 

What losses icere sustained hy each party in the battle ? 



60 



THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. 



The British lost in killed and wounded more than a thou- 
sand men ; the Americans, less than half that number, though 
among their slain was the distinguished patriot, Joseph Warren. 
What, in the mean time, was done by Congress? 
The Second Continental Congress having convened at Phila- 
delphia, a vote was passed to raise an army of twenty thou- 
sand men, and, on the 15t"i/ of June, George Washington was 
unanimously elected commander-in-chief. 

What difficulties did the Virginians have with their governor ? 
Lord Dunmore, the governor of Virginia, took a decided 
course against the patriots ; but owing co the activity of Patrick 
Henry and others, compensation was made for some powder 
which he had seized, and a force of tories and negroes was 
badly defeated. In revenge, Dunmore reduced the town of 
Norfolk to ashes. 

What plan of action against Canada was adopted ? 
To prevent the use of Canada by the British as a place of 
rendezvous and supply, an invasion, by two forces, was deter- 
mined upon. Accordingly, Gen. Schuyler, commanding one, 
was sent by the way of Lake Champlain ; 
while the other, under Gen. Arnold, took 
the route by the Kennebec River. 

What teas accomplished ly the force that 
icent by Lake Champlain? 

Schuyler proceeded but a short dis- 
tance when sickness compelling him to 
return, the next in command. Gen. Mont- 
gomery, gained possession of Fort 
Chambly [sham'-ble)^ St. John's, and 
Montreal, and then moved against Quebec. 
Give a further account of the operations. 
Arnold, having performed a tedious march through the 




PART OF THE BORF.L KIVE 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 

wilderness, effected a junction of his force with that of Mont- 
gomery's, and Quebec was besieged for three weeks. 

Give an account of the battle that followed. 

Finally, at dawn, on the last day of 1775, and during a vio- 
lent snow storm, the American army, in four columns, ad- 
vanced to assail the city ; but the attempt was unsuccessful. 
Montgomery was among the first who fell, and Arnold was 
severely wounded. 

How was the design against Canada terminated ? 

Arnold, though wounded, took command of the troops that 
had effected a retreat; but, by the middle of June, 1776, the 
Americans had abandoned one place after another and entirely 
evacuated Canada. 

EVENTS OF 1776. 

WTiat ims the first aim of Washington after his appointment f 

Washington, who had arrived at Cambridge about three 
weeks after his appointment as commander-in-chief, and had 
there taken command of the army, determined to drive the 
British from Boston. 

What means did he adopt to accomplish his object ? 

In one night he erected a line of fortifications on Dorches- 
ter Heights, which completely commanded the city and its 
harbor. 

What agreement was made between the two parties ? 

Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the command, being 
unable to dislodge the Americans, agreed to evacuate the city 
without setting fire to it, upon condition that, while doing so, 
his army should not be molested from the batteries on the 
Heights. 

What can you state of the departure of the British? 



62 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Accordingly, on the 1*7 th of March, T776, the British troops, 
accompanied by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, embarked 
on board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for Halifax. 

What can you state of an expedition against New York f 

Surmising that an expedition, conducted by Clinton, which 
had been previously sent from Boston, was destined to attack 
New York, Washington sent Gen. Charles Lee to protect that 
city. 

What was then done hy Clinton f 

Foiled in his attempt against New York, Clinton sailed to 
the South, and was joined by Sir Peter Parker's fleet from 
England, when the united forces proceeded against Charleston. 



^ 




TiciSTnror 
CHARLESTON 



Map Questions. 

In what direction is Charles- 
ton from Savannah ? (See 
map, p. 41.) Between what 
two rivers is Charleston situ- 
ated? (62.) How is Sullivan's 
Island situated ? What fort 
is on Sullivan's Island? What 
other forts are in Charleston 
irarbor? What strait con- 
nects New York Bay with 
the Atlantic Ocean ? (See 
map, p. 64.) What island on 
the west of the Narrows? On 
the east? Ans. Lonsr Island 
How is Brooklyn situated? 
White Plains ? (See map, p. 
26.) North Castle? Fort 
Washington? Fort Lee ? 



Were the people of Charleston prepared ? 

The people of Charleston had made prcpnrations against ;in 
attack, by erecting a fort of palmetto wood on Sullivan's 
Island, which commanded the channel leading to the town. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 63 

This was garrisoned by five hundred men, under Col. Moultrie 
{mole'-tre) 

Give an account of the battle there. 

On the morning of the 28th of June, the fleet approached 
Sullivan's Island ; but, after a conflict of nine hours, during 
which Clinton was defeated in an attempt to reach the place, 
the ships, much shattered, drew off", and afterward sailed to 
the North. 

What was Congress doing in the mean time ? 

In the mean time, Congress was preparing to declare a sepa- 
ration of the political relations existing between Great Britain 
and the colonies. A resolution to that eff'ect, having been 
ofl'ered by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 7th of 
June, was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. 

What took place two days later ? 

Thomas Jeff'erson, of Virginia, in behalf of a committee of 
five members, presented a document which he had prepared; 
and, on the 4th of July, this document, the Declaration of 
Independence, was unanimously adopted by Congress. 

Where was a large force of the enemy now concentrating? 

In the beginning of July, Gen. Howe took possession of 
Staten Island, at the entrance of New York Bay. Here he 
was joined by his brother, Admiral Lord Howe, by Clinton, 
and by a large body of Hessians. 

How many men did the British and American armies then count? 

Howe soon had an army of thirty-five thousand men ; while 
Washington's efi'ective force, in New York and vicinity, did 
not exceed seventeen thousand men. 

What movements did the British make against the Americans ? 

Howe's troops were landed on the western end of Long 
Island, and, in three divisions, by three different roads. 



64 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 




NEW YORK BAY. 



adv^anced toward the American camp at Brooklyn, then in 
command of Gen. Putnam. 

Oim an account of the battle that followed. 

While two of the divisions, August 27, were engaging the 
Americans, the third, under Clinton, having taken a circuitous 
route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots cut their 
way through the host of foes, but 
nearly two thousand were killed, 
wounded, or taken prisoners. The 
British lost less than four hundred. 

W7iat can you state of Washington's 
masterly retreat to New York ? 

On the 29th, while a heavy fog 
was hanging over Brooklyn, Wash- 
ington succeeded in getting his 
troops to New York, thus accom- 
plishing one of the most signal achievements of the war. 
What course did Washington then adopt f 

Influenced by his officers, he retreated to the northern part 
of New York island, and then to White Plains. Here a par- 
tial engagement, to the disadvantage of the Americans, took 
place on the 28th of October, when they withdrew to North 
Castle. 

What course did Washington soon after pursue ? 
Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Castle, and 
another, under Col. Magaw, at Fort Washington, Washington 
crossed the Hudson, and entered New Jersey. 

What account can you give of the attack on Fort Washington ? 
On the 16th of November, the British attacked the fort, 
and although they were successful, the victory cost them a 
thousand men. 

What did the British next do ? 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. . 66 

To the number of six thousand, with Lord Cornwallis in 
command, they crossed the Hudson, and took possession of 
Fort Lee, which the Americans had abandoned on their ap- 
proach. 

What can you state of Washington's retreat f 

Pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated through New 
Jersey, and, early in December, crossed the Delaware. Con- 
gress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon adjourned to Balti- 
more. 

HoiD did the Americans Ireak their train of disasters f 

A feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many disasters, 
prevailed among the patriots. This was dispelled by a bold 
enterprise accomplished by Washington. 

Give an account of it. 

On the night of the 25th of December, Washington crossed 
the Delaware, and, on the morning of the 26th, attacked a 
body of Hessians stationed at Trenton. Rahl, their com- 
mander, was mortally wounded, about thirty were slain, and 
nearly a thousand taken prisoners. The Americans lost only 
four men. 

What did Washington then resolve wpon f 

Washington recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners, but, 
finding his army strengthened by recent recruits, he again 
crossed the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on 
the offensive. 

EVENTS OF 1777. 

What was Washington' s force at Trenton in thebeginning o/1777? 

After being joined by troops under Generals Mifflin and 
Cadwallader, Washington's whole force at Trenton, on the 1st 
of January, 1777, did not exceed five thousand men. 

What took place there on the following dayf 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Map Questions. 
How is Trenton situated ? In what 
direction is it from Princeton? From 
Monmouth? Middletown ? Morris- 
town? Springfield? 




Toward the evening of the 
2d, Cornwallis reached Trenton, 
and made several unsuccesful 
attempts to cross the stream 
which runs through the town. 
He then concluded to defer hos- 
tilities till morning:. 

Describe the situation in icMch 
Washington was placed. 

To retreat across the Dela- 
ware, then obstructed by float- 
ing ice, or to remain and risk a 
-^-—"' i^ battle with a superior force, ap- 

OENTBAL PAKT OF NEW .ER8ET. ^^^^^^ ^^ WashiugtOU daUgCrOUS. 

In that situation what scheme was adopted? 

A bold expedient was adopted. Leaving his camp-fires 
burning, he marched by a circuitous route toward Princeton, 
intending to surprise the enemy at that place. 

How did he succeed ? 

At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his forces encountered, 
near Princeton, a division of the British troops already on 
their march to join Cornwallis. At first the American militia 
gave way ; but Washington coming up with a select corps, 
turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. 

What losses were sustained hy each party ? 

The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 
about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not ex- 
ceed thirty, but Gen. Mercer was among their mortally wounded. 

WJiat efforts were made to secure the aid of France f 

Early in 1776 Congress sent Silas Deane to France to solicit 
aid. Deane was afterward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthur 
Lee. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



67 



Witli what success icere the efforts attended ? 

Though France hesitated to extend the aid solicited, the 
Marquis de Lafayette and other citizens of that country acted 
generously. At his own expense Lafayette fitted out a vessel, 
and, in the spring of 1777, arrived in America. He joined 
the army as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after ap- 
pointed a major-general. 

What can you state of Try on' s first expedition against Connecticut f 

Towards the close of April, Gen. Tryon, late royal governor 
of New York, proceeded against Danbury, and after destroying 
the stores there, burned the town. On his retreat back to his 
shipping, he was harassed by the militia, losing nearly three 
hundred men. 

How did the Americans offset Tryon' s wantonness? 

Two small expeditions on the part of the Americans were 

successful. Col. Meigs, at the Map Questions. 

I J /• J i 1 ii -D -i Into wliat water does the Elk River 

head of one, destroyed the Bnt- ^,,^^, Bran.ly.ine Creek? Where i3 

ish stores and shipping at Sagg Chad's Ford? Philadelphia? Paoli ? 

Harbor; and Col. Barton, at 
the head of the other, captured 
Gen. Prescott, the commander 
at Rhode Island. 

What scheme did Howe endeavor 
to carry out in New Jersey f 

AVashington's army had been 
encamped at Morristown during 
the first month of 1777; but 
in the spring he removed to 
Middlebrook. Howe having 
failed to draw Washington from 
this latter place, withdrew his troops to Staten Island. 

What course did Howe then pursue f 



Valley Forge? Geriiiantown ? Fort 
Mifflin? Fort Mercer? EedBank? 




PHILADELPHIA AND VICINITY. 



68 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

The Britisli were then embarked on board the fleet of Lord 
Howe, and, sailing up Chesapeake Bay, were landed at a point 
on the Elk River, their destination being against Philadelphia. 

In ichat way did Washington endeavor to protect Philadelphia ? 

As soon as Washington heard of the approach of the 
British, he took a position at Chad's Ford, on Brandywine 
Creek, where, on the 11th of September, a battle was fought. 

Give an account of the battle. 

The enemy advanced in two divisions, and while one made 
a direct attack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other 
crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly fell upon their 
right, forcing them to give way. 

What losses were sustained ly each party ? 

The loss of the Americans in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 
amounted to twelve hundred men; that of the British to about 
five hundred. Among the wounded was Lafayette. 

Did the British succeed in getting possession of Philadelphia? 

Washington in vain endeavored to save Philadelphia. On 
the 20th of September, Gen. Wayne was defeated at Paoli by 
a detachment of the enemy; and on the 26th, Howe entered 
the city ; but the main body of his army encamped for the 
winter at Germantown, four miles distant. 

What took place, not many days after, at Oermantown ? 

Learning that a strong detachment of the British had left 
for the reduction of Forts Mifflin and Mercer, Washington 
attacked the force remaining at Germantown, October 4; but 
after one of the bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the 
war, the patriots were repulsed, with a loss of a thousand men. 

Gim an account of the ope7'ations against Ports Mifflin and Mercer. 

On the 22d of October the two forts on the Delaware were 
attacked ; Mercer, by two thousand Hessians, under Count 
Donop ; and Mifliin, by a naval force. But, in both cases, the 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 

British were repulsed with heavy loss ; Donop was mortally 
wounded. 

What second attempt to reduce the forts was made? 

On the 10th of November a second attempt to reduce Fort 
Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic defence of five days, 
during which the British kept up a destructive fire from a 
battery and also from their ships, the garrison evacuated the 
fort and crossed to Red Bank. A force appearing before 
Fort Mercer soon after, it, too, was abandoned. 

What can you state of Washington's army during the winter ? 

During the winter of 1Y77-78, Washington's troops were 
quartered in huts at Valley Forge, where they suffered greatly 
for want of food and clothing, and many of the officers resigned 
in consequence of not receiving their pay. 

BURGOYNE'S INVASION. 

What army of invasion was gathered in 1777 at the North ? 

During the early part of the summer of 1777, an army of 
ten thousand men, British and German troops, Canadians and 
Indians, was fitted out in Canada for the invasion of the 
United States. 

What was the object of the invading army ? 

The design of Gen. Burgoyne, the commander of this large 
force, was to effect a junction of his own army with that of 
another from New York, and thus cut off" Washington's com- 
munication with the Eastern States. 

What place did Burgoyne first proceed against ? 

After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne pro- 
ceeded to invest Fort Ticonderoga, then garrisoned by three 
thousand men under Gen. St. Clair. 

How did Burgoyne succeed f 

St. Clair had determined upon a resolute defence, but, to his 



70 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Map Questions. 

How is Crown Point sitnated ? Ti- 
conderoga? Mount Defiance? Hub- 
bardton? Fort Edward ? Saratoga? 
Albany? Bennington? Into what 
river does tlie Mohawk empty? Where 
is Plattsburg ? 



dismay, discovering that the 
enemy had erected batteries on 
Mount Defiance, commanding 
the fort, he made a hasty retreat. 

What disaster befell the Aineri- 
cans on the retreat ? 

On the morning of the 7th of 
July, the rear division of the re- 
treating army was overtaken at 
Hubbardton, and routed with 
considerable loss. The ammu- 
nition and stores, which had 
been sent by water, were also 
overtaken, and were destroyed. 

What further retreat and advance 
were made ? 

Gen. Schuyler (ski'-ler), who 
was then in command of the 
American forces at the north, 
gradually fell back to the islands 
at the mouth of the Mohawk. 
Burgoyne's march from the head 
of Lake Champlain to Fort Ed- 
ward was also slow, because 
Schuyler had destroyed the 
bridges and felled the trees 
across the roads. 

What expedition hud Burgoyne 
previously sent westward f 

Burgoyne, before leaving Can- 
ada, had sent an expedition, un- 
Finding the fort 
resolutely defended, St. Leger determined upon a siege. On 




SARATOGA AND VICINITY. 

der St. Leger, to capture Fort Schuyler. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 

the Cth of August, Gen. Herkimer, while advancing to the re- 
lief of the place, fell into an ambuscade and was defeated, he 
being mortally wounded. 

How was the siege 'brought to a close ? 

The Indian allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold was ap- 
proaching with a large army, fled in great haste, and the siege 
was consequently abandoned. 

What difficulty did Burgoyne experience while at Fort Edward? 

Burgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and finding him- 
self in want of supplies, sent five hundred men, under Col. 
Baum, to seize the stores which the Americans had collected 
at Bennington. 

What was the result of Baum's expedition f 

Baum was met near Bennington by the New Hampshire 
militia, under Gen. Stark, and defeated ; and on the same day, 
August 16th, a detachment which had been sent to the aid of 
Baum, was also defeated. 

How did the reverses of the British affect the?n ? 

The reverses experienced by the British at Fort Schuyler 
and Bennington embarrassed the movements of Burgoyne, and 
weakened and dispirited his army. 

What advance movements icere made by the two armies ? 

Gen. Gates, who had been appointed to succeed Schuyler in 
the command, advanced to Bemis Heights, near Stillwater, and 
Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. 

What took place on the folloicing day f 

On the 19th of September was fought the battle of Bemis 
Heights, sometimes called the first battle of Stillwater, in which 
Arnold displayed great bravery ; and, though the British occu- 
pied the battle field at the close of the conflict, their pi'ogress 
toward Albany was effectually checked. 

What disposition was then made of the two armies f 



72 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

The two armies remained in sight of each other for more 
than two weeks; Bargoyne, in the mean time, strengthening 
his position, to await the co-operation of Clinton from New 
York. 

What did Burgoyne afterward determine upon ? 

Despairing of aid, the British commander determined, if 
possible, to cut his way through the American lines. This 
brought on, October 7th, the battle of Saratoga, or the second 
of Stillwater. 

Oive an account of the battle. 

After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the loss of 
the British was severe, they were compelled to give way. 
Arnold again distinguished himself, though fighting without 
any assigned command, and was severely wounded. 

What can you state of Burgoyne' s final movements ? 

Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding himself so sur- 
rounded by the Americans that all chance of retreat was cut 
ofi", and being without provisions, on the IVth of October he 
surrendered his whole army, numbering more than five thou- 
sand men, prisoners of war. 

What had Clinton heen doing in the mean time f 

Clinton, in the mean time, had captured Forts Clinton and 
Montgomery ; but instead of hastening to the co-operation of 
Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the country. 

What did the British do on hearing of Burgoyne' s surrender? 

The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing of their 
disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and other forts ; 
and Clinton's expedition, after burning Kingston, returned to 
New York. 

EVENTS OF 1778. 

What effect did news of Burgoyne' s surrender have in England ? 

In England the news of Burgoyne's surrender produced 



THE AMERICAN- REVOLUTION. 73- 

great alarm, and commisssioners were sent to America to ne- 
gotiate a restoration of peace. 

How did Congress receue the commissioners ? 

Congress refused to treat with them until Great Britain 
should withdraw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the 
independence of the United States. 

What effect did the neios of Burgoyne' s surrender have in France? 

In consequence of the success of the Americans at Saratoga, 
France acknowledged the independence of the United States ;, 
a treaty of alliance was concluded between the two countries;, 
and a squadron, commanded by D'Estaing {des-taing')^ was at 
once sent to America. 

What instructions were sent to the British commanders ? 

The British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet 
in the Delaware, and of their main army at Philadelphia, or- 
dered both forces to proceed to New York. 

What occurred during the retreat of the army ? 

On the 18th of June, Clinton, who had succeeded Howe in 
the command, evacuated Philadelphia, and commenced his 
march through New Jersey to New York. Washington gave 
pursuit; and at Monmouth, on the 28th, a sevenly contested 
battle was fought. 

What can you state of the hattle ? 

Ill the early part of the conflict, Washington came up just 
as Lee's division was in full retreat : he rebuked Lee, and di- 
rected him to assist in further operations. 

How did the hattle result ? 

Though, at the close of the day, the result of the engage- 
ment was indecisive, the advantage was with the Americans, 
and they slept on their arms, intending to renew the contest 
on the following morning ; but Clinton silently departed be- 
fore dawn. 

4 



74 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

What losses were sustained by the two armies? 

The loss of the British in the battle and by desertions during 
the march, amounted to fifteen hundred men. 'I'he Americans 
lost more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the ex- 
cessive heat and fatigue of the day. 

What offensive course did Lee afterward take toward Washington ? 

Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke which he 
had received, he addressed two disrespectful letters to Wash- 
ington, and, at his own request, was tried by a court-martial. 
After a tedious investigation he was sentenced to be suspended 
from all command for a year. 

What enterprise did Washington and D'Estaing decide upon ? 

A combined attack by D'Estaing and Gen. Sullivan was 
planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode Island, 
where, under Gen. Pigot, they had established a military 
depot. 

What diverted D'Estaing from his ohject ? 

Tempted by the hope of a victory, D'Estaing sailed out to 
meet Lord Howe ; but a furious s'orm having disabled the two 
fleets just as they were about to engage, he returned to New- 
port, and soon after departed for Boston to repair his ships. 

What can you state of Sullivan's movements ? 

Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew to the 
northern part of the island ; and, being followed by Pigot, an 
engagement took place, August 29, resulting in a loss of over 
two hundred to each side, and in the repulse of the British. 

What movement did Sullivan then make ? 

Learning that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of 
Pigot, Sullivan gained the mainland just in time to avoid being 
intercepted by Clinton. 

What acts of the enemy were particularly atrocious ? 

An expedition, commanded by Gen. Grey, committed great 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 75 

destruction at New Bedford and other places ; but no acts of 
the enemy were more atrocious than those of which they were 
guilty at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. 

CHve an account of the "Massacre of Wyoming." 

Early in July a large force of tories and Indians, under Col. 
,l()hn Butler, entered the valley of Wyoming, spread desolation 
in every direction, and slaughtered a body of the inhabitants 
who had marched against them. 

What account can you give of the enemy's doings at Cherry Valley f 

In November a party of the same mixed character fell 
upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, in New York, and 
killed or carried into captivity many of the settlers. 

What expedition was sent against Georgia ? 

Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an expedition 
of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col. Campbell, its 
commander, proceeded against Savannah, then defended by a 
small force, under Gen. Robert Howe. 

What did Clinton accomplish ? 

A battle took place on the 29th December, in which the 
Americans were defeated with much loss; and, in consequence, 
Savannah fell into the hands of the British. 

EVENTS OF 1779. 

What loss did the Americans sustain after that of Savannah ? 

At the beginning of 1779 only one post in Georgia, that of 
Sunbury, remained in possession of the Americans. This was 
captured on the 9th of January by Gen. Prevost, who, there- 
upon, assumed the command of the British forces in the south. 

What took place at Kettle Creek ? 

A band of tories, while marching to join Prevost, committed 
great devastations and cruelties. On the 14th of February 



76 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

they were attacked by a body of Carolina militia, and utterly 
defeated ; Boyd, their commander, being among the slain. 

Give an account of the disaster at Brier Creek. 

At Brier Creek, Gen. Ashe, who had been sent to drive the 
British from Augusta, was surprised by Prevost on the 3d of 
March, and defeated with the loss of nearly his whole army. 

(rii-e an account of the defeat at Stono Ferry. 

On the 20th of June, Gen. Lincoln, the commander of the 
American forces at the south, made an attack upon a body of 
the enemy at Stono Ferry, a position which menaced Charles- 
ton, but he was repulsed. 

What did Lincoln and D'Estaiiig undertake at a later period f 

On the 9th of October, after Lincoln and D'Estaing had be- 
sieged Savannah three weeks, the two commanders made a 
combined assault, but were repulsed with the loss of nearly a 
thousand men. 

What losses had the Ameiicans sustained at the north meantime f 

In the mean time, Tryon had made two more expeditions 
against Connecticut, and Clinton had captured Stony and Ver- 
planck's points. 

Did Stony Point remain in the hands of the British? 

Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, planned an 
attack under Wayne. At midnight, on the 15th of July, the 
Americans, in two columns, forced their way into the fort from 
0}iposite sides, and, meeting in the centre of the works, the 
garrison surrendered at discretion. 

What losses did each party sustain ? 

The entire loss of the Americans in this brilliant success, 
achieved at the point of the bayonet, and without firing a gun, 
was fifteen killed and eighty-three wounded. The enemy lost 
upward of six hundred in killed and prisoners. 

By what gallant exploit was that of Wayne soon followed? 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 77 

On tlie 19tli July, four days after, the British post at Paulas 
{^Paw'-lus) Hook was surprised by Major Lee, and one hun- 
dred and fifty of the garrison were made prisoners. 

What can you state of Salluan's expedition f 

Sullivan, who had been sent against the Indians of Western 
New York to check their depredations and avenge the " Mas- 
sacre of Wyoming," was completely successful. lie defeateii 
a body of Indians and tories in the battle of the Chemung, 
x\ugusL 29th, and then destroyed forty Indian villages, and a 
vast amount of corn. 

What remarkable naval battle took place this year ? 

In September an obstinate engagement took place off Flam- 
borough Head, England, between a small squadron of French 
and American vessels, commanded by Paul Jones, and two 
British frigates. It lasted from seven till ten at night, when 
both frigates surrendered. 

EVENTS OP 1780. 

now were the operations of 1780 commenced? 

Clinton, with a fleet commanded by Arbuthnot, proceeded 
against Charleston, tlien defended by Lincoln, and, on the 1st 
of April, 1780, commenced a regular siege. 

Whal misfortune befell the Americans at a place near Charleston f 

An American force, stationed at Monk's Corners to keep 
open a communication between the city and the interior, was 
surprised by Tarleton, April 14, and put to flight. 

Give an account of the surrender of Charleston. 

On the 12th of May, Lincoln, unable to hold out any longer, 
made an uncimditional surrender, and every man in Charleston 
became a prisoner of war. 

What other disasters to the Atnericans followed soon after? 

The Americans were also unfortunate in losing the post of 



78 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



Map Questions. 

TIovv is SavnnriBh situated ? In what direction is Siinbury from Savannah ? Near 
what large city is Stono Ferry? How is Augusta situated? Monk's Corner? 
Ninety-Six? Koci<y Mount? Hani;ing Kock ? Camden? King's Mountain ? Cow- 
pens? Guilford Court-House? Ilubkirk's Hill ? Eutaw Springs? Into what rrver 
does Brier Creek flow? Sanders Creek? Catawba River? Yadkin River? Dan 
River? How is Leavenworth situated? (See map, p. 120.) Matamoras? Mon- 
t^rey (2) ? 




Ninety-Six ; and again at Waxliavv Creek, where Tarleton 
•overtook a body of four hundred patriots, and, giving no 
•quarters, massacred nearly every man. 

At this stage what course did Clinton 'pursue f 

Clinton, believing South Carolina to be subdued, sailed for 
^ew York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war into North 
•Carolina and Virginia ; but Generals Sumter and Marion 
{md'-re-un), by their partisan warfare, still kept alive the spirit 
of freedom at the south. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 

What can you state of Sumter's doings ? 

Although Sumter met with a repulse at Rocky Mount, yet 
at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he gained a decided vic- 
tory. 

What can you state of a hattU that took place in August ? 

On the 16tli of August occurred the battle of Sanders Creek. 
Gen. Gates, who had been appointed by Congress to succeed 
Lincoln in the command at the south, advanced against the 
British, and was met by Cornwallis a short distance from 
Camden. 

Give an account of the tattle. 

After a desperate contest, the American regulars, being de- 
serted by the militia, were forced to retreat, with a loss of 
about a thousand men. De Kalb, mortally wounded, was 
taken prisoner. 

What disaster was a sequel to that of Sanders Greek? 

Gates's defeat let loose the enemy against Sumter, who, at 
Fishing Creek, two days after, was surprised by Tarleton, and 
routed with great slaughter. 

How did Gornwallis proceed after the two successes to his arms ? 

Believing South Caiolina to be at last subdued, Cornwallis 
proceeded to overrun North Carolina, detaching Major Fer- 
guson to precede him. Large numbers of tories joined the 
detachment during its march. 

What can you state of Ferguson's career f 

The excesses of which Ferguson's troops were guilty so ex- 
asperated the inhabitants, that a hastily-formed force, under 
Col. Campbell, attacked them at King's Mountain, October 'Zth, 
and killed Ferguson and one hundred and fifty of his men. 
The remainder, numbering more than eight hundred, surren- 
dered. The loss of the Americans was only twenty. 

For what is the year 1780 particularly memorable? 



80 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



How is West Point situ- 
ated? Stony Point? Ver- 
planck's Point? Fort Clinton? 
Fort Montgomery ? Fort In- 
depence ? Tarrytown ? 



Map Questions. The year 1*780 is particularly mem- 

orable for the " Treason of Arnold." 

How was Arnold led to take the step 
in treason ? 

In IVTS, after the British had 
evacuated Philadelphia, Arnold was 
put in command of that city. Here 
he lived at an expense beyond his in- 
come, and, to meet the demands of 
his creditors, appropriated public 
funds to his own use. 
What followed? 

Charges were preferred against 
him, and, in conformity with the de- 
cision of the court, he was repri- 
manded by Washington. He felt 
the disgrace, and determined to wreak 
his vengeance. 

In iDhat way did he proceed f 
Having secured the command of West Point, he offered to 
betray it into the hands of Clinton. Major Andre, aid-de- 
camp to Clinton, met Arnold at a point six miles below West 
Point ; and the treasonable bargain was completed. 
How was Arnold's design frustrated f 

Andre, while on his way back to New York, was arrested 
by three militiamen, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart; and 
in his boots were found papers in Arnold's own handwriting. 
What further can you state of Arnold and Andre ? 
The captive was taken to Col. Jameson, who stupidly wrote 
to Arnold of the arrest ; and thus the traitor was enabled to 
escape to New York. Andre was executed as a spy. 




THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 



EVENTS OF 1781, AND TO THE BEGINNING OF V7ASH- 
INGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 

What event marked the opening 6»/1781 ? 

For want of pay, clothing, and provisions, the army of 
Washington suffered greatly at Alorristown during the winter 
of 1780-1. Believing that Congress was at fault, thirteen 
hundred troops of the Pennsylvania line, on the 1st of January, 
1781, left their camp to seek redress of that body. 

What occurred during the march of the troops f 

On the march they were overtaken by tivo emissaries of 
Clinton, but these they seized and conducted to Gen. Wayne, to 
be treated as spies. They were afterward met by a committee 
of Congress, who satisfied their pressing wants, and tlius sup- 
pressed the revolt. 

What was done ly Congress soon after the revolt ? 

This and other manifestations of discontent among the 
troops quickened Congress to act for their relief. The Bank 
of North America was established ; and Robert Morris, its 
president, by the financial aid which he rendered, enabled the 
government to prosecute the war. 

What appointment did Greene receive, and whut was his first move f 

Gates, in consequence of his defeat at Sanders Creek, was 
superseded in the command by Gen. Greene, who at once sent 
Gen. Morgan to check the devastations of the British in South 
Carolina. 

Give an account of the tattle tJmt soon occurred. 

At the Cowpens, on the I7th of January, Tarelton overtook 

Morgan ; but, after a severe battle, the British were completely 

routed, losing about eight hundred men, while the loss of the 

Americans did not exceed thirty. 

What remarkable retreat afterward occurred? 
4* 



82 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 

Morgan, after his victory, hurried off in a northeasterly di- 
rection ; and Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarleton's defeat, started 
in pursuit. Just as the Americans had succeeded in fording 
the Catawba and the Yadkin, they were favored by rain storms 
on both occasions, which rendered the rivers, for a time, im- 
passable. After they crossed the Dan, Cornwallis gave up the 
pursuit. 

What movement and tattle soon after took place ? 

Greene, who had arrived at the Catawba and commanded 
Morgan's retreating division from that phice, recrossed the 
Dan, and, on the 15th of March, was attacked at Guilford 
[ghil'-furd) Court-IIouse. The result, though unfiivorable to 
the Amercans, left Cornwallis in such a disabled condition that 
he was compelled to retreat from the field of victory. 

What hold movement did Greene then make f 

Greene rallied his forces, and for several days pursued Corn- 
wallis ; but not being able to overtake him, he re-entered South 
Carolina to attack the enemy at Camden. At Ilobkirk's Hill, 
two miles from that place, Lord Rawdon partly surprised him 
on the 2oth of April. The struggle was waged with varied 
fortune, but at length a regiment of the Americans breaking, 
the patriots were forced to retreat. 

What account can you give of the last battle fought in Carolina? 

The battle of Eutaw {u'-taw) Springs, fought on the 8th of 
September, between Greene and Stuart, closed the contest in 
the Carolinas. This was a desperate engagement, and at one 
time victory seemed certain for the Americans ; but the Brit- 
ish rallying, Greene drew ofl' his troops, taking with him about 
five hundred prisoners. 

What^ in the mean time, had taken place in Virginia ? 

In the mean time, Arnold, acting in the royal service, had 
invaded Virginia, and effected great destruction of property. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



83 



A plan for his capture miscarried, because a French fleet failed 
to co-operate with Lafayette. 

What else had taken place in Virginia ? 

Cornwallis, too, had entered Virginia ; and as New York 
was menaced by Washington, he took post at Yorktown, that 
ho might readily send reinforcements there to Clinton. 

What change in Washington's movements took place ? 

The arrival of a French fleet in Chesapeake Bay, induced 
Washington to proceed against Cornw^allis, but at the same time 
to continue preparations as if against New York ; consequently, 
before Clinton became aware of the real intentions of Wash- 
ington, that commander was well on his way to Virginia. 

WJmt counterplot did Clinton put into execution f 

It being too late to adopt any direct 
measures for the aid of Cornwallis, Clinton 
undertook to recall Washington, by hurry- 
ing off an expedition under Arnold against 
New London. 

Oim an account of Arnold's expedition. 

Fort Griswold, near New London, made 
a brave defence, but was finally carried by 
assault. Col. Ledyard, its commander, was murdered with his 
own sword, after yielding it up, and many of the garrison were 
also slaughtered. The town was reduced to ashes. 

Was the main object of Arnold's expedition effected ? 

Arnold's expedition failed to recall Washington, and soon 
Yorktown was invested with a large force of French and 
American troops, while the French fleet, commanded by 
Count de Grasse, blockaded the York and James rivers. 

With icliat success did the "besiegers proceed ? 

On the 9th of October, the allied armies commenced a can- 




NEW LONDON AND 
VICINITY. 



84 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 

nonade so heavy that in a day or two most of the works of 
the British were demolished. 

What was the result of the operations against Yorktoicn ? 

At length, on the 19th of October, finding his position un- 
tenable, and seeing no prospect of relief, Cornwallis surren- 
dered Yorktown, with more than seven thousand soldiers, to 
Washington, and his shipping and seamen to De Grasse. 

What effect did the surrender of Cornwallis produce ? 

Cornwallis's surrender caused great rejoicing throughout the 
United States, and in England it made the war so unpopular 
that negotiations were entered into for the establishment of 
peace. 

What were the steps taken for the establishment of peace? 

On the 30th of November, 1*782, a preliminary treaty was 
signed at Paris by commissioners from the two governments, 
those from the United States being John Adams, Benjamin 
Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. On the 19th of 
April, 1783, a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the 
American army; and on the 3d of September following, a 
definitive treaty was signed at Paris. 

What did the treaty secure to the United States ? 

By the terms of the treaty Great Britain acknowledged the 
independence of the United States, and allowed boundaries 
extending to the great lakes on the north and the Mississippi 
on the west. Florida, at the same time, was restored to Spain. 

In what condition did the close of the war find the national finances f 

At the close of the war the government was unable to meet 
the just claims of its creditors, and the consequence was 
general discontent, particularly among the officers and privates 
of the array. 

How were the troubles with the army healed f 

Through the influence of Washington the ill-feeling in the 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 

army was allayed ; and Congress afterward granted five years' 
whole pay to the officers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 
1780, half-pay for life. Four months' whole pay was granted 
to the privates. 

Name some of the closing scenes of the war. 

By order of Congress the army was disbanded on the 3d of 
November, 1783 : on the 25th of the same month New York 
was evacuated by the British ; and in December following, 
Washington, " with a heart full of love and giiatitude," took 
leave of his officers at that city. 

What did Washington afterward do 1 

He then repaired to Annapolis; and there, on the 23d of 
December, in a simple and impressive address, resigned to 
Congress his commission as commander-in-chief. On the fol- 
lowing day he reached his home at Mount Vernon. 

Peace being estdblished, what embarrassments beset Congress ? 

It was found that by the Articles of Confederation, un- 
der which the United States had existed since 1*781, Congress 
had no power to raise money and pay the debts incurred by 
the war. 

What teas done in this condition of things? 

The individual states were therefore called upon for funds; 
and their responsive efforts, made by direct taxation, produced 
great opposition, especially in Massachusetts, where it grew to 
an open insurrection, known as Shays's Rebellion. It was sup- 
pressed in 1787. 

To what measure did the outbreak lead f 

This rebellion, and other causes, convinced the people that 
a more powerful general government was needed. Accord- 
ingly, a national convention was held at Philadelphia, with 
Washington as president, and after four months' deliberation, 
the Constitution was adopted. 



86 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

What furtJier can you say of the Constitution ? 

After being mtified by the requisite number of States, 
though not without opposition, it went into operation on the 
4th of March, 1789. 



REVIEW QUESTION. 

1. What connection did the French and Indian Wars have with the 
American Eevolution? (55.) — 2. What principle in reUition to taxation did 
tlie Americans assert?— 3. Why had Parliament no right to tax the colo- 
nists? — 4. When was the Stamp Act passed? — 5. What was the Stamp 
Act? — 6, How did Patrick Henry distinguish himself? — 7. How came a 
Colonial Congress to be held ? — 8. Where was it held ?— 9. How many 
colonies were represented in it? — 10. Who was chosen its president? (56.) 
— 11. What did it accomplish? — 12. Why did not the Stamp Act go into 
effect? — 13. How was the repeal of the Stamp Act brought about? — 14. 
When was the act repealed? — 15. What right did Parliament still claim ? 
— 16. How was this claim made manifest?— 17. What associations were 
formed?— 18. How did the people of Boston behave?— 19. Wliat was the 
consequence?— 20. Give an account of the "Boston Massacre." — 21. What 
change was made in the revenue law of 1767? (57.) — 22. What duty still 
remained on tea? — 23. Why were not the colonists satisfied ?— 24. What 
became of the tea sent to New York ? — 25. That sent to Philadelphia? — 
26. That sent to Boston ?— 27. What can you say of the Boston Port Bill ? 
—28. Where did "The First Continental Congress" Hieet?— 29. When ?— 
30. Who was president? — 31. What was accomplished by the Congress ? 
— 32. Upon what expedition were Smith and Pitcairn sent ? — 33. When 
was the battle of Lexington fought ? (58.) — 34. What took place at Lex- 
ington on the morning of the 19th of April? — 35. What at Concord ? — 36. 
What, again, at Lexington? — 37. Give an account of the other events of 
tlie day. — 38. At what place did the militia of New England afterward 
assemble? — 39. Where was Ticonderoga? (Map, p. 45.) — 40. Crown Point? 
— 41. What can you state of the capture of both places ? (58.) — 42. What 
generals arrived to the aid of Gage ?— 43. What proclamation did Gage 
issue ?— 44. When did the battle of Bunker Hill take place ? (59.)— 45. Did 
the battle take place on Bunker or Breed's Hill? — 46. How did it so hap- 
pen ?— 47. Give an account of the day's doings. (59, 60.)— 48. When was 
Washington elected to command the army? (60.) — 49. By whom was h' 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 87 

elected? — 50. What can you state of Gov. Dunmore? — 51. Upon ■what ex- 
pedition were Schuyler and Arnold sent? — 52. Who succeeded Schuyler 
in the cotnmand ? — 53. Why did Montgomery succeed him? — 54. What 
success did Montgomery have ? — 55. IIow did Arnold succeed ? (60, 61.) — 
56. When did the battle of Qiiebec take place? (61.) — 57. Give an account 
of it. — 58. Where did Washington join the array after his appointment ? 
— 59. Where is Cambridge? Ans. Three miles from Boston. — 60. What 
compelled the British to leave Boston ?— 61. When did they leave? (62.) — 
62. Upon what expedition was Clinton sent? — 63. How is Charleston situ- 
ated ? (Map, p. 78.)— 64. Give an account of Clinton's expedition. (62, 63.) 
--65. What took place in Congress on the 7th of June, 1776? (63.)— 66. 
On the 2d of July ?~67. On the 4th of July ?— On Statw Island, in July? 
— 68. What was Howe's first movement ? — 69. When was the battle of 
Long Island fought? (64.)— 70. Give an account of the battle. — ''1. Of 
Washington's retreat, — 72. When did the battle of White Plains take 
place? — 73. What account can you give of it? — 74. What success did the 
British have at Ft. Washington ?— 75. At Ft. Lee ? (65.)— 76. How were the 
two forts situated ? (Map, p. 26.) — 77. What can you say of a retreat and 
pursuit through New Jersey? (65.) — 78. When did the battle of Trenton 
take place? — 79. How is Trenton situated ? (Map, p. 66.) — 80. Give an ac- 
count of the battle. (65.) — SI, What movements did Wasliington make 
before the close of the year ? — 82. What occurred on the 2d of Janu- 
ary, 1777? (66.) — S3. What movement did Washington make dur- 
ing the night ?— 84. How is Princeton situated ? — 85. When did the 
battle take place there ?— 86. Give an account of it. — 87. What can you 
state of Gen. Mercer?— 88. Of eflforts to get aid from France.— 89. Of 
Lafayette's generosity ? (67.)— 90. Of three expeditions under Tryon ? (67, 
76.)— 91. Of Meigs's expedition? (67.)— 92. Of Barton's ?— 93. How was 
the battle of Brandy wine brought about ? (67, 68.)~94. Give an account 
of it. (68.)— 95. Of events subsequent to the taking of Philadelphia. — 96. 
Of the battle of Germantown.— 97. Of operations at forts Miflflin and Mer- 
cer. (68, 69.) — 98. What army of invasion did Burgoyne command ? (69.) 
—99. What two places on Lake Champlain did he capture ? (69, 70.) — 100. 
Give an account of the battle of Hubbardton. — 101, Of Burgoyne's march 
to Fort Edward.— 102. Of St. Leger's expedition. (70, 71.)~103. Of the 
two battles of Bennington. (71..) — 104. By whom was Schuyler superseded 
in the command?— 105. Give an account of the battle of Bemis Heights. 
—106. Of the battle of Saratoga. (72.)— 107. Of Burgoyne's surrender.— 
108. Of its efiects in England and France. (72, 73.)— 109. Of the battle of 
Monmouth. (73.)— 110.— Of Lee's conduct and trial. (73, 74.) — 111. Of 
D'Estaing's movements near lihode Island. (74.) — 112. Of Sullivan's 



88 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

movements.— 118. Of Grey's expedition. (74, 75.)— 114. Of the "Massacre 
of Wyoming." (75.)— 115. Of the loss of Savannah.— 11 G. Loss of Sun- 
bury.— 117. Battle of Kettle Creek. (75, 76.)- -118. Brier Creek. (76.)— 119. 
Stono Ferry. — 120. — Repulse at Savannah. — 121. Battle of Stony Point. — 
122. Paulusliook. (77.)— 123. Chemung.— 124. PaulJones's victory.— 125. 
Siege of Charleston. — 126. Battle of Monk's Corner. — 127. Loss of Charles- 
town.— 128. Of Ninety-Six. (77, 78.)— 129. Battle of Waxhaw Creek. (78.) 
—130. Rocky Mount. (79.) — 131. Sanders Creek. —132. Fishing Creek. 
— 133. King's Mountain. — 134. What can you state of Arnold's conduct 
in 1778 ? (80.)— 135. His treason ?— 136. Of his subsequent career ? (82, 83.) 
137. Give an account of Andre. (80.)— 138. Of the revolt of the Pennsyl- 
vania troops. (81.)— 139.— Of the battle of the Cowpens.— 140. Of the re- 
treat of Morgan and Greene. (81, 82.)— 141. Battle of Guilford Court- 
House. (82.)— 142. Hobkirk's Hill.— 143. Eutaw Springs.— 144. Why did 
Cornwallis take post at Yorktovi^n3(83.) — 145. How did Washington pro- 
ceed ? — 146. Give an account of the siege of Yorktown. (83, 84.) — 147. Of 
Cornwallis's surrender. (84.)-=-! 48. What steps were taken to establish 
peace ?— 149. What caused discontent in the army ?— 150. Hov/ was it allayed ? 
(84, 85.) — 151. Wiien did Washington resign liis commission as command- 
er-in-cliief ? (85.)— 152. How long had the Articles of Confederation been 
in existence ? — 153. In what respect were they defective ?— 154. Give an 
account of Shays's Rebellion. — 155. What causes led to the adoption of 
the Constitution of the United States ? — 156. Name in order the three im- 
portant battles of 1775. (89.)— 157. The five of 1776.— 158. The fourteen 
of 1777.— 159. Thefour of 1778.— 160. The nine of 1779.— 161. The nine of 
1780.— 162. The six of 1781.— 163. Name tlie battles in which Washington 
commanded.— 164. Gates.— 165. Greene.— 166. Wayne.— 167. Sullivan. — 
168. Lincoln.— 169. Sumter.— 170. Gen. Howe.— 171. Burgoyne.— 172. Sir 
Henry Clinton. — 173. Cornwallis. — 174. Name the battles of the Revolu- 
tion that took place in New Jersey. — 175. In Massachusetts. — 176. In New 
York —177. In North Carolina.— 178. In South Carolina.— 179. In Penn- 
sylvania.— 180. What officer fell at the battle of Bunker Hill? (60.)— 181. 
At the battle of Trenton? (65.)— 182. At the battle of Princeton? (66.)— 
183. What officer was wounded at the battle of Brandywine? (68.)- 184, 
At the battle of Saratoga? (72.)— 185. What officer fell at the battle of 
Kettle Creek? (76.)— 186. At the battle of Sanders Creek? (79.)— 187. At 
the battle of King's Mountain ?— 188. At the battle of Fort Griswold. (83. ) 
—189. Where was Andre executed? Ans. At a place on the west side of 
the Hudson, opposite Tarrytown. 



THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 



89 



PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE EE VOLUTION. 

• The asterisk iiulicalcs the successful party, t Doubtful. 



1775. 
April 19, 
June 17, 
Dec. 31, 

1776. 
June 28, 
Aug. 27, 
Oct. 28, 
Nov. 16, 
Dec. 26, 

1777. 
Jan. 3, 
July 7, 
Aug. 6. 
Aus. 16, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept 19, 
Sept. 20, 
Oct. 4, 

Oct. 6, -j 

OctT, 

Oct. 22, -j 

Nov. 16, 

177S. 
June 28, 
July 3, 
Aug. 29, 
Dec. 29, 

1779. 
Feb. 14, 
March .3, 
June 20, 
July 15, 
AU2.1.3, 
July 19, 
Aug. 29, 
Sept. 23, 
Oct. 9, 

17S0. 
April 14, 
Mav 12, 
May 29, 
June 2.3. 
July 30, 
Aug. 6. 
Aug. 16, 
Aug. 18, 
Oct. 7, 

1781. 
Jan. 17, 
March 15, 
April 25, 
Sept. 6, 
Sept. 8, 
Oct. 19, 



Lexington 

Bunker Hill 

Quebec 

Fort Moultrie 

Long l!>land 

White Plains 

Fort Washington. 
Trenton 

Princeton 

Hubbardton 

Ori-kanyt 

Bennington 

BrandyH'ine .... 
Beniis Heights... 

Paoii 

Gt-rmuntown 

Fort Clinton 

Fort Montgomery 

Saratoga 

Fort Mercer 

Fort Mifflin 

Fort .Mifflin 

Moninouih 

Wyoming 

Rhode Island.... 
Savannah 

Kettle Creek 

Brit-r Creek 

Stono Ferry 

Stony Point 

Penobscnt 

Paiilus Hook 

Cheinunir 

Flaniboro' Head . 
Savaiinali 

Monk's Corner. .. 

Charleston 

Wa.xhaw 

Springfield 

Itocky Mount 

Hanging Kock.. . 
San lers Creek ... 
Fi.>ihing Creek .. . 
King's Mountain. 

(JowjieMS 

Guilford C. II.... 
Hnbkirk's Hill... 
Fort Griswuld... 
Eutaw Springat. . 
Yorktown 



COMMANDERS. 



American. 



Parker 

J'rt-scott 

Montgomery. 



Moultrie* . . . 

Putnam 

McDougall .. 

Magaw 

Washington*. 



Washington*., 

Warner 

Herkimer 

Stark* 

Washington.. . 

Gates* r 

Wayne 

Wasliington... 
Jas. Clinton. | 
Gov. Clinton ) 

Giites* 

Col. Greene*.. 
Col. Smith* .. 
Major Thayer, 



Washington* 
Col. Z. Butler 

Sullivan* 

Robert Howe 



.•kens 



P 

A>he 

Lincoln 

Wayne* 

Lovell 

Major Lee* . . 

Suilivan* 

Paul Jones*.. 
Lincoln 



linger.., 
Lincoln , 
Butord . , 
Greene* 
Sumter . 
Sumter*, 
Gates ... 



British. 



Smith* 

Gen. Howe' 
Carleton* . 



Parker 

Gen. Howe 

Leslie* 

Gen. Howe 
Rahl 



Mawhood 
Eraser* . 
St. Leger 
Baum . . . 
Gen. Howe* 
Burgoyne 
Grey*..., 
Gen. How 

Sir H. Clinton* 

Burgoyne 

Donop 

Gen. Howe... 
Gen. Howe.. 



Clinton 

John Butler* 

Pigot 

Campbell* .. 



Boyd 

Prevost*... 
Maitland*.. 
Johnson ... 
McLean* . . 
Sutherland 

Brant 

Pearson . . . 
Prevost*... 



Tarleton* . . . . 

Clinton* 

Tarleton*.... 
Knvphaui-en. 
TurnbuU* ... 

Brown 

Corn wall is* .. 



Sumter I Tarleton*. 

Campliell* , Ferguson. 



MEN ENGAGED. 



Am'ncn British. 



unknwn 

],f)00 

900 

400 

10,000 

l,6i)0 

3.000 

2.400 



8,000 

700 

1.000 

2,000 

11.001) 
2.500 
1,500 

11,1.00 



8,000 
450 
400 
400 



12,000 

4(i0 

5,000 

900 



300 
1,200 

soo 

1,200 
900 
350 

4,000 
juadr'n 

4.500 



300 

3.700 

400 

3,000 

600 

600 

3.000 

700 

900 



Morgan* j Tarleton 

Greene Corn wal lis , 

Greene ■ Rawdon* . . , 

Ledyard 1 Eyre* , 

Greene I St uart 

Washington*. . Cornwallis. , 



1,700 
3,000 
1,200 

4,000 
20,000 
2,000 
5,000 
1,000 



1,800 
1,200 
1,500 
1,200 

18,000 
3,000 
3,000 

15,000 

3,000 

4,500 
2,000 

Mixed. 

xMixed. 



11,000 
1,100 
5,000 
2,000 

700 

1,800 

1.200 

61 )0 

8,000 

2r)0 

1.500 
vesself 
2,900 



600 
9,000 

700 
5,0(10 

500 

500 
2.200 

850 
1,100 



900 


1,100 


4,400 


2,400 


1.200 


900 


150 


SOO 


2.000 


2,800 


16,000 


7,500 



90 



vvashington's administration. 

afureili 



^^iVADA 




Crestline 













Washington's administration. 91 



SECTION V . 

FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRA- 
TION, IN 1789, TO THE CLOSE OF MADISON'S, IN 1817. 

JVhen did the government under the Constitution commence ? 

Washington, who had been unanimously elected the first 
President of the United States, appeared before Congress at 
New York, then the capital, and, on the 30th of April, 1789, 
was inaugurated. John Adams was the first Vice-President. 

Of ichom did Washington'' s cabinet consist ? 

Congress having decided in favor of three executive depart- 
ments, Washington selected for his cabinet Thomas Jeflferson, 
secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton, of the treasury, and 
Henry Knox, of war. 

What changes followed the establishment of the new government? 

Hamilton, by his judicious management, placed the finances 
of the government in a good condition, commerce revived, and 
the country prospered. 

What war broke out during Washington's administration ? 

In the summer of 1790 an Indian w'ar was commenced by 
the tribes north of the Ohio. Two expeditions, the first under 
Gen. Harmar, and the other under Gen. St. Clair, were de- 
feated by them, when finally Gen. AVayne was sent. 

Give an account of Wayne's success. 

Wayne was successful. In August, 1794, he defeated the 
Indians at the Maumee, then laid waste their country, and 
finally compelled them to sue for peace. 

What teas the result of the second Presidential election? 

Washington, whose first term of oflice expired on the 4tli 
of March, 1793, was unanimously re-elected : Adams was also 
re-chosen to the vice-presidency. 



iJ25 ADAMS S ADMINISTRATION. 

How were troubles with FTa7ice produced? 

When France, during her great revolution, declared war 
against England, a large part of the people here were in favor 
of helping their old ally of the Revolution. 

WJiat imprudence was committed hy the French minister? 

M. Genet (zke-nd'), the French minister in the United States, 
presuming upon the feeling in favor of his country, began to 
lit out })rivateers in American ports to cruise against British 
vessels. Washington at length demanded his recall, and an- 
other minister was sent in his place. 

What account can you give of the Whisky Insurrection ? 

The law of ]791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors, met 
with considerable opposition, especially in the western part of 
Pennsylvania, where, in l794, the resistance grew to an open 
rebellion, known as the Whisky Insurrection. Upon the ap- 
proach of a force sent by Washington, the insurgents yielded. 

Wliat can you state of "Jay's Treaty?" 

It was not long after the making of the treaty of 1783, be- 
fore the American and British governments began to accuse 
each other of violating its stipulations. To avert a war which 
seemed inevitable, John Jay was sent as a special envoy to 
England, where, in 1794, a treaty was made. 

What states were admitted during this administration ? (See p. .) 

Who succeeded Washington as president f 

Washinirton havino- declined a nomination for a third term, 
John Adams was elected to succeed him, and the new presi- 
dent was inaugurated on the 4tli of March, 1797. 

What icere the principal emnts of John Adams's administration 9 

During the administration of John Adams, difficulties with 
France of a warlike character took place ; the death of Wash- 
ington, at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 1799, 
occurred ; and the seat of government, which had been at 



93 



Philadelphia ten years, was removed in the summer of 1800 to 
its present location. 

W7io became the third president of the United States? 

Thomas Jefferson, the successor of John Adams to the 
presidency, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1801 ; and, 
like Washington, served two terms. 

What state and territorial additions were made in 1802 and 1803 ? 

Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1802 ; and Louisiana 
was purchased of Fiance, in 1 803, for fifteen millions of dol- 
lars. By the purchase thus made, the free navigation of the 
IJississippi to the Gulf of Mexico was secured. 

What can you say of an expedition to the Mediterranean in 1803 ? 

In 1803, Commodore Preble [preb'-el) was sent against the 
pirates of the Barbary States, who were constantly on the 
alert to commit depredations upon the commerce of the 
United States. 

What misfortune he fell a vessel belonging to Preble's squadron ? 

The frigate Philadelphia, one of Preble's vessels, while 
reconnoitering in the harbor of Tripoli, struck on a rock, and 
was captured. Her crew were made slaves. 

Cfive the subsequent history of the Philadelphia ? 

On the night of the loth of February, 1804, Lieutenant 
Decatur, in a small vessel and with about eighty companions, 
entered the harbor. He boarded the Philadelphia, killed or 
drove into the sea every one of the Tripolitan crew, and, after 
setting the frigate on fire, escaped without losing a man. 

What expedition by land proved successful f 

Mr. Eaton, an agent of the United States, concerted an ex- 
pedition with Hamet, the exiled though rightful heir to the 
throne of Tripoli. He marched from Egypt across the desert, 
and captured Derne ; but, in the midst of his successes, a 



94 Madison's administration. 

treaty of peace was concluded between the basbaw and Mr. 
Lear, American Consul-General. 

What duel took place in 1804 ? 

In July, 1804, the duel between Alexander Hamilton and 
Aaron Burr occurred. This sad affair, which resulted in the 
death of Hamilton, grew out of a political quarrel between 
the two men. 

What grand scheme was Burr afterward engaged in f 

In 1806, Burr undertook to found an empire west of the 
Alleghanies. He was tried on a charge of treason, but ac- 
quitted. 

What i7ijury was brought upon the commerce of the United States? 

England and France, being at war, great numbers of Ameri- 
can vessels were seized by the cruizers of the belligerent 
powers, under " decrees" and " orders" issued by them ; but 
the crowning grievance was the so-called " right of search." 

What was the " right of search ?" 

This was a claim set up by Great Britain, under which 
American vessels were boarded, and all sailors of English birth 
found were impressed as subjects of the king. 

In what notable case did the British enforce their claim ? 

In June, 1807, the frigate Chesapeake was fired into by the 
British frigate Leopard. The American vessel being unpre- 
pared for action, struck her colors, after having twenty-one of 
her crew killed or wounded. Four alleged deserters were then 
transferred to the Leopard, but three of them, it was afterward 
proved, were native Americans. 

W?ien and by whom was Jefferson succeeded in office ? 

James Madison, the successor of Jefferson in the presidency, 
was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1809. He too, like 
Washington and Jefferson, served two terms, or eight years. 

What naval affair inflamed the war spirit of the Americans f 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 95 

In May, 1811, the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, while 
cruising oft" the coast of Virginia, fired into the American 
frigate President, but found her fire returned with such heavy 
br.tadsides, that, in a few minutes, thirty-two of her crew were 
killed or wounded. 

WJiat troubles took place with the western Indians? 

About the year 1804, the Indians on the western frontiers, 
influenced by the appeals of Tecumseh, one of their ablest 
warriors, began to form a hostile confederacy. At length they 
became troublesome, and Gen. Harrison was sent against them. 

Give an account of the battle that occurred. 

Harrison approached the Indian town of Tippecanoe, and 
encamped for the night. Early on the following morning, 
November 7th, 1811, the Indians made a furious attack upon 
the camp, but, after a bloody contest, were repulsed. This 
battle ruined their hostile plans. 



SECOl^D WAR WITH E]^GLA]S"D. 

EVENTS OF 1812. 

Hoic did the " War c)/1812" have its origin? 

The government of the United States having in vain en- 
deavored to induce the British to abrogate their restrictions so 
injurious to American commerce, and also to cease their im- 
pressment of our seamen, war was declared against that power 
on the 19th of June, 1812. 

What were the first hostile acts ? 

The invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull was the first hostile 
movement on the part of the Americans ; and the capture of 
Fort Mackinaw on the 1 Vth of July, five days after, the first 
on the part of the British. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



Map Questions. 

How is Detroit situated? Sandwich? French- 
town ? Fort Maiden ? Brovvnstown ? Where was 
Fort Steplienson ? Fort Meigs ? 



DETROIT 




Oive an account of the 
battles of Brownstown. 

A detachment which 
Hull had sent to con- 
voy a supply train for 
his army, was met near 
Brownstown, on the 
5th of August, and 
utterly defeated. A 
second detachment, 
under Col. Miller, en- 
countered the enemy 
on the 9th, and routed 
them. 

How did Hull act after 
he had invaded Canada f 
After waiting nearly 
a month at Sandwich, 
Hull fell back to the American side, and took post at Detroit, 
to which place he was soon after followed by Gen. Brock, com- 
manding thirteen hundred British and Indians. 

What disgraceful part did Hull then perform ? 

The Americans were confident of victory in the battle which 
seemed about to take place, yet Hull ordered a white flag to be 
shown, in token of submission. By this act, not only Detroit, 
but the whole territory of Michigan fell into the hands of the 
enemy. 

What second invasion of Canada took place in the same year ? 

In October of 1812 an American army, under Gen. Van 
Rensselaer {van ren'-se-ler), was stationed at Lewiston. On 
the 13th, a detachment of this army crossed the Niagara, and 
carried a battery on the heights of Queenstown. 



_Scale 



fsanclusliy 

"^^bPt. Stephenson 

J O 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



97 



What further struggle 
took 'place on the heights ? 



Map Questions. 
IIow is Qneenstown situatod? Lewiston? 
The enemy, reinforced York (now Toronto)? Chippewa? Lundy'sLane? 
Where was Fort Erie? Fort Georse? 




by Brock, attempted to 
regain their lost battery, 
but were repulsed, and 
Block was killed. On 
the afternoon of the 
same day, the 13th, they 
made a second attempt 
with fresh troops, and 
this time with success. 

Compare the land and 
navcd battles of 1812. 

The triumphs of the 
Americans on the ocean 
during 1812 were as de- 
cided as their reverses 
on the land. There 
were five important naval battles, in every one of which the 
Americans were victorious. 

Name the vessels captured and their captors. 

On the 13th of August, the frigate Essex, Captain Porter, 
captured the Alert; on the 19th, the frigate Constitution, Cap- 
tain Hull, captured the Guerriere [gdre-e-dre), after an action 
of about forty minutes ; and in October, the sloop Wasp, Cap- 
tain Jones, captured the Frolic. 

Name the other victories. 

On the 2oth of October, the frigate United States, Commo- 
dore Decatur, after an action of nearly two hours, compelled 
the Macedonia to surrender ; and, on the 29th of December, 

5 



tjd iS. jcjt: j: Ji T jt: 

(t 



kJl 



98 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

the Constitution, Commodore Bainbridge, gained Ler second 

victory in the capture of the Java (jah'-vah). 

What can you say of the achievements of the privateers f 

Beside these successes, privateers scoured the ocean; and, 

duiing the year, more than three hundred merchant vessels 

were also taken. 

EVENTS OF 1813. 

What preparations were made for the campaign of 1813 f 

Three armies were organized for the campaign of 1813; 
that of the West, commanded by Gen. Harrison ; of the 
Centre, by Gen. Dearborn ; and of the North, by Gen. Hampton. 

Give an account of the first battle of the year. 

Gen. Winchester, commanding a detachment of the western 
army, was attacked at Winchester, on the 22^ of January, by 
fifteen hundred British and Indians, under Gen. Proctor. 

What further account of the battle can you give? 

Winchester was made a prisoner, and, though in the hands 
of the cnem}^ agreed upon a capitulation : the Americans 
then surrendered. Proctor failed to protect his captives, and 
many of the wounded Americans were murdered by his In- 
dian allies. 

What measure of defense did Harrison adopt ? 

Harrison, upon hearing of Winchester's defeat, built Fort 
Meigs (megz) ; and, on the 1st of May, Pi'octor, with two 
thousand British and Indians, advanced against the place and 
commenced a siege. 

What force came to the aid of Harrison ? 

Four days after. Gen. Clay arrived with twelve hundred 
Kentuckians, and successfully attacked the besiegers; but a 
large body of his troops, while pursuing the enemy, was cap- 
tured. Proctor returned to Fort Maiden [maul'-den) May 9th. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 99 

What place did Proctor afterward proceed against ? 

In about three months after, Proctor, with twelve hundred 
regulars and Indians, marched against Fort Stephenson, then 
garrisoned by one hundred and fifty men, under Major Croghan. 

Give an account of the operations at the fort. 

A cannonade was directed against the fort until a breach 
was effected, when the enemy, August 2d, attempted to carry 
the place by assault. 

What was the result f 

They were met by a volley of musketry and a discharge 
from a six-pound gun, with such terrible effect, that, panic- 
struck, they lied in confusion, leaving one hundred and fifty of 
their number killed or wounded. 

What warlike preparations were made on Lake Erie in 1813? 

During the summer, an American and an English squadron 
were fitted out on Lake Erie, the former commanded by Com- 
modore Perry, and the latter by Commodore Barclay. 

Give an account of the 'battle between them. 

They met on the 10th of September, near the western ex- 
tremity of the lake, when a hard-fought battle of four hours 
took place, resulting in a brilliant victory to the Americans, 
every vessel of the enemy having surrendered. 

How did Perry send information of his victory ? 

In dispatching information of his victory to Harrison, Perry 
wrote : " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." 

How did the good news affect Harrison ? 

Harrison, on hearing of the victory, crossed Lake Erie, and 
overtook Proctor and Tecumseh, October 5th, at a place on the 
Thames [temz). 

Gice an account of the battle that followed. 

The Americans charged, breaking the hues of the British, 
and soon compelling them to surrender ; but the contest with 



100 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



Map Questions. the Indians was more I 

"Where was Fort Minis? How is New Orleans obstinate. At lena;th. 
situated? Fort Morgan ? Pensacola? i /. i, i. 

Tecumseh fell, and his 
wai-riors fled. 

What were the Indian 
troubles at the south f 

In Angust, the 
Creeks, a tribe of 
southern Indians, sur- 
prised Fort Mims, and, 
without any provoca- 
tion, massacred nearly 
three hundred men, 
women, and children. 

What punishment was 
inflicted upon the Greeks ? 
Generals Jackson and 
Coffee, having marched 
into Alabama, routed them in several battles ; and finally, in 
March, 1814, defeated them with great slaughter at the Horse- 
Shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa. Their subjugation was com- 
plete. 

What, in the mean time, was transpiring at the north f 
Toward the latter part of April, Gen. Dearborn, the com- 
mander-in-chief of the army, left Sackett's Harbor, crossed 
Lake Ontario, and proceeded to attack York. 

Give an account of the tattle. 

On the 2'7th the troops landed, led by Gen. Pike, and were 
carrying every thing before them, when the enemy's magazine 
exploded, mortally wounding Pike, and making sad havoc 
among his men. After a moment's panic they moved on, and 
were soon in possession of the town. 




SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 101 

What change oftericard took place in the army commanders? 

Dearborn made a second expedition, capturing Fort George, 
when he resigned his command, and was succeeded by Gen. 
Wilkinson. 

^Vhat led to an attack on Sackett's Harbor ? 

The absence of Dearborn from Sackett's Harbor tempted 
Gen. Prevost to cross the lake to attack the place ; but he was 
met. May 29th, by a small body of regulars and some militia, 
under Gen. Brown, and repulsed. 

What occurred with a portion of Wilkinson'' s army ? 

In passing down the St. Lawrence, Wilkinson landed a de- 
tachment near Williamsburg to cover the descent of the fleet. 
On the 11th of November an encounter took place with the 
enemy, but the iVmericans were the greater sufferers. 

What can yau say of the conflicts on the ocean during 1813 ? 

Though the American seamen during 1813 were not uni- 
formly successful, their gallantry still continued to be the theme 
of admiration. 

Give an account of the first naval conflict of the year. 

On the 24th of February, the s!oop-of-war Hornet, Captain 
Lawrence, encountered the British brig Peacock, and in fifteen 
minutes compelled her to strike her colors. The captured 
vessel sunk almost immediately after. 

Hoio icas Lawrence rewarded for his gallantry ? 

On his return to the United States, Lawrence was promoted 
to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then lying in Bos- 
ton harbor. 

Why did Lawrence soon after leave the harbor f 

In the forenoon of June 1st, the British frigate Shannon, 
Captain Broke, appeared off the harbor to meet the Chesa- 
peake, and though the American vessel had imperfect equip- 
ments, and an ill-assorted crew, the challenge was accepted. 



102 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



Owe an account of the action. 

Toward evening the two vessels met, and a terrific contest 
of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence was mortally wounded 
in the early part of the action, but his last injunction as he 
was borne below was, " Don't give up the ship." 

What afterward occurred ? 

The Chesapeake, after having all her superior officers either 
killed or wounded, was boarded by the enemy, and her flag 
hauled down. 

What other important naval actions took place during the year? 

On the 14th of August, the American brig Argus was cap- 
tured in the English Channel by the brig Pelican. Fortune 
next favored the Americans: on the 5th of September the 
British brig Boxer surrendered to the brig Enterprise. 



EVENTS OF 1814, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. 

What event closed Wilkinson's military career ? 

AA^ilkinson advanced from French Mills, where he had been 

quartered during the winter, and at La Colle was repulsed 

on the 30th of March, 1814. In consequence of this defeat 

he was superseded in the command by 

Gen. Izard. 

What success did the Americans gain early 
in July f 

On the 3d of July an advance force of 
Gen. Brown's command crossed the Niag- 
ara, and took Fort Erie without a struggle. 
Give an account of the battle of Chippevra. 
The American army pushed forward, 
and, on the oth, met the enemy, under 
Gen. Ptiall. The British were defeated with a loss of five hun- 
dred men, and compelled to retreat across the Chippewa. 




PAET OF THE 60REL RIVEE. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 103 

Give an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. 

On the 2oth, the battle of Lundy's Lane, the most obstinate 
of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, bravely 
contended against superior numbers, until the arrival of Brown. 
In the mean time the British were reinforced by Gen. Drum- 
mond, who took the command. 

What heroic deed, during the tattle, was 'performed ? 

It soon becoming evident that a battery which the enemy 
held on a height, and which swept all parts of the field, must 
be captured or the Americans defeated, Col. Miller was asked 
if he could take it. He promptly answered, " I'll try, sir." 

What then occurred f 

He did try, and was successful. Three times the British 
attempted to regain their lost battery, but were repulsed at 
every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a contest of six 
hours, they withdrew, each party losing about eight hundred 
men. 

What moiiement was then made by the Americans? 

Brown and Scott being both severely wounded. Gen. Ripley 
conducted the army to Fort Erie, where Gen. Gaines soon after 
took command. 

What was the next movement of the British? 

On the 4th of August, Drummond laid siege to Fort Erie; 
and on the 15th, in attempting to carry the place by assault, 
he was repulsed with the loss of more than a thousand men. 

What occurred about a month later ? 

On the iVth of September, Brown being then in command 
of the fort, the Americans made a sortie, destroying the works 
of the besiegers, and killing or capturing seven hundred of 
their number. 

How was the siege brought to a close ? 

Drummond, on being informed that Izard was approaching. 



104 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

retired northward ; and, in November, the Americans destroyed 
the fort and crossed over to New York. 

Who, after Izard, held the command at Lake Champlain ? 

Izard, when he started for the relief of Fort Erie, left Gen. 
Macomb [ma-koom') in command at Plattsburg with only a 
few hundred men. 

What forces threatened the army and fleet at Plattsburg? 

In September, Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen 
thousand men, marched against Macomb, and, at the same 
time, the British fleet on Lake Champlain, commanded by 
Commodore Downie {down'-e)^ sailed to attack the American 
fleet under Commodore MacDonough [rnac-don'-o). 

What account can you give of the two tattles that followed? 

The battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain took place 
on the 11th of September. While the British, from their bat- 
teries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet engaged 
MacDonough's vessels which were at anchor in the bay of 
Plattsburg. 

Give a further account of the tattles. 

In two hours and a quarter MacDonough gained a complete 
victory ; the fire from the land batteries then slackened, and, 
at nightfall, Prevost made a hasty retreat, having lost in kill-ed, 
wounded, and desertions, about twenty -five hundred men. 

What operations in the mean time had begun at the south ? 

In the mean time. Gen. Ross had sailed into Chesapeake 
Bay and up the Patuxent, with the design of marching against 
the national capital. 

What can you state of his progress ? 

He reached Washington on the 24th of August, having 
met with but slight resistance at Bladensburg. After burning 
the capitol, president's house, and other buildings, he made a 
hasty retreat to the shipping. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



105 



"Where, at the same time, was an- 
other part of the British busy? 

A division of the enemy's 
fleet, at the same time, ascended 
the Potomac to Alexandria, the 
inhabitants of which town, to 
save it from bombardment, sur- 
rendered their merchandise and 
shipping. 

What further can yon state of 
Rosses expedition 1 

Ross next proceeded against 
Baltimore. On the 12th of 
September he landed his troops 
at North Point, fourteen miles 
from the city, while a fleet sailed 
up the Pafapsco to bombard 
Fort McHenry. 

What success did they meet with ? 

On his march Ross was killed m^p Question --. 

IIow is Washington situated ? Alex- 

m a skirmish that took place; andna? Baltimore? Bladensburg? 

and the progress of the troops ^ort McHenry? North Point? Into 

^ ^ i what water does the Patapsco River 

was then disputed, for more flow? TboPatuxent? 
than an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strieker. On 
the following day the enemy encamped near the defences of 
the city, to await the movements of the fleet. 




What movements did the fleet make f 

The bombardment of Fort McHenry commenced on the 
morning of the 13th, and continued till near the following 
morning, but without making any impression. Gen. Brooke, 
Ross's successor, seeing no prospect of success, embarked his 
troops, and the whole force of the enemy withdrew. 

5* 



06 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 




What cause of complaint was given ly certain Spanish officials ? 

During the summer an expeditiou against Fort Bowyer 
[ho'-yer)^ now Fort Morgan, was fitted out at Pensacola, 
Florida, by the British, Florida, at the 
time, being a Spanish possession. 

What counter measures were consequently 
adopted ? 

Although the expedition proved unsuc- 
cessful.Gen. Jackson inarched ao*ainst Pen- 
sacola, and compelled the British to leave. 

MOBiLK AND VICINITY. What danQcrs threatened the Americans 

in another quarter f 

Toward the middle of December, a British squadron entered 
Lake Borgne {horn), carrying twelve thousand troops, com- 
manded by Sir Edward Pakenham, the object of the expedition 
being to capture New Orleans. 

What were the first events of the expedition ? 

On the 14th a flotilla of American gunboats was compelled 
to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson made a spirited though 
ineffectual attack upon an encampment of the enemy's van- 
guard ; but, on the 28th, and again on the first day of the 
new year, the British were unsuccessful in cannonading the 
intrenchments which Jackson had thrown up four miles from 
the city. 

Give an account of the battle of New Orleans. 

On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a general 
advance against the American intrenchments; but volley after 
volley was poured upon them with such terrible efi"ect, that 
they were compelled to flee. Pakenham was slain, and two 
thousand of his men were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. 
The Americans lost only seven killed and six wounded. 

What can you state of the naval events o/ 1814 ? 



SECOND WAPw WITH ENGLAND. 107 

Although during 1814 the x\mericans were generally vic- 
torious on the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Captain Porter, 
after a successful cruise, was attacked in the harbor of Valpa- 
raiso, March 28, by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. 
The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 

When did hostilities between England and the United States cea^e ? 

In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the United 
States that a treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent on the 
24th of December, 1814. 

In wliat respect was the treaty incomplete ? 

The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon 
American commerce and the impressment of American sea- 
men — were left untouched by the treaty. 

What rendered the omission of no consequence ? 

This was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of 
the European war, all encroachments upon American commerce 
* ceased ; and, by the great success of the American navy, the 
impressment question was effectually disposed of. 

Upon what expedition was Decatur soon after sent ? 

The war with England being ended, Decatur was sent against 
the Algerines, who had resumed their old practice of seizing 
American vessels and enslaving the crews thereof. 

What success did Decatur meet with ? 

In June, 1815, he captured two frigates; and, in the same 
year, he made satisfactory treaties with Algiers, Tunis [too'-nis), 
and Tripoli. 



108 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

* The asterisk indicates the successful party. 



WHEKB FOUGHT. 



COMMANDERS. 



1812. 

Aug. 13, 
Aug. 19, 
Oct. 18, 
Oct 25, 

Dec. 29, 

1818. 
Feb. 24, 

June 1, 

Aug. 14, 

Sept. 5, 

Sept. 10, 
1814. 

March 28, 

April 29, 

June 28, 

Sept. 1, 

Sept. 11, 

Dec. 14, 

1815. 
Jan. 15, 

Feb. 20, 

March 23, 



Oflf Newfoundland -j 

OS Massachusetts -j 

Off North Carolina.... | 
Near Canary Islands . . -j 
Off San Salvador -j 

Off Demarara < 

Massachusetts Bay -< 

British Channel | 

Off coast of Maine < 

Lake Erie \ 



Harbor of Valparaiso . . ■< 

Off coast of Florida... -j 
Near British Channel., i 

Near Africa < 

Lake Champlain i. 

Lake Borgne | 

Off New Jersey i. 

Off Island of Madeira. . •< 
Off Brazil -I 



Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. Sloop Alert 

Am. Frig. Constitution. 

Br. Frig. Griierriere 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Brig Frolic 

Am. Frig. United States 
Br. Frig. Macedonian . . . 
Am. Frig. Constitution . 
Br. Frig." Java 

Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Brig Peacock 

Am. Frig. Chesapeake.. 

Br. Frig. Shannon 

Am. Biig Argus 

Br. Sloop Pelican 

Am. Brig Enterprise 

Br. Brig Boxer 

Am. 9 vessels, 54 guns. . 
Br. 6 vessels, 63 guns. . . 

Am. Frig. Essex 

Br. BrigPlicebe 

Br. Sloop Cherub 

Am. Sloop Peacock 

Br. Brig Eper vier 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Sloop Kein(ieer 

Am. Sloop Wasp 

Br. Sloop Avon 

Am. 14 vessels, 86 guns. 
Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns. . 

Am. 5 gunboats 

Br. 40 barges 

Am. Fri<r. President 

Br. (Squadron) 

Am. Frig. Constitution . 

Br. ship Cyane 

Br. Ship Levant 

Am. Sloop Hornet 

Br. Brig Penguin 



Porter.* 

Langharne. 

Hull.* 

Dacres. 

Jones.* 

Whinyates. 

Decatur.* 

Carden. 

Bain bridge.^ 

Lambert. 



Lawrence. 

Peake. 

Lawrence. 

Broke.* 

Allen. 

Maples.* 

Burrows,* 

Blyth. 

Perry.* 

Barclay. 



Porter. 

Hillyar.* 

Tucker. 

Warrington.! 

Wales. 

Blakely.* 

Manners. 

Blakely.* 

Arbuthnot. 

McDonough. 

Downie. 

Jones. 

Lockyer.* 



Decatur, 

Hayes.* 

Stewart.* 

Falcon. 

Douglass. 

Biddle.* 

Dickenson. 



SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 



100 



PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 

* The aEterisk indicates the successful party. 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


MEN ENGAGED. 1 


American. 


British. 


AmVicn 


British. 


1812. 

Aug. 5, 
Aug. 9,-j 

Oct. 13, 

1813. 
Jan. 22, 
April 27, 
Mav 5. 
May 29, 
Aug. 2, 
Oct. 5, 
Nov. 11, 

1814 
March 30, 
July 5, 
July 25, 
Aug. 15, 
Aug. 24, 
Sept. 11, 
Sept. 12, 
Sept. 13, 
Sept 15, 
Sept. 17, 
Dec. 23, 

1815. 
Jan. 8, 


Brownstown 

Maguaga, or 2d ol 

Brownstown 

Queenstown 


Van Horn .... 

j- Miller* 

Van Rensselaer 


Tecumseh* 

Tecumseh 

Brock* 


200 

600 

1,200 


600 

900 

2,500 


Frenchtown 

York 


Winchester .. . 
Pike*. 


Proctor* 

Sheaffe 

Proctor 

Prevost 

Proctor 

Proctor 

Morrison 


800 
1,700 
1,2UU 
1,0U0 

150 
2,500 
1.200 


1,500 
1,500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,300 
2,000 
2,000 


Fort Meigs 

Sackett's Harbor.. . 

Fort Stephenson 

Tliames 


Clay* 

Brown* 

Croghan* 

Harrison* 

Boyd 


Chrysler's Field.... 




LaColleMill 


Wilkinson.... 

Brown* 

Brown*.. 

Gaines* 

Winder 

Macomb* 

Strieker 

Armistead* . . . 
Lawrence* . . . 

Brown* 

Jackson 


Hancock* .... 
Eiall 


4.000 
1,90U 
3,500 
2,500 
3,500 
3,000 
2,000 
1,000 
120 
2,500 
2,000 


2,000 
2,100 
5,000 
5,000 
5,000 
14,000 
5,000 

16 ships. 

Mixed. 
3,500 
2,500 


Lundy's Lane 

Fort Erie (assault). 

Bladensburg 

Plattsburg 

North Point 

Fort McHenry 

Fort Bowyer 

Fort Erie (sortie) . . 
9 miles from N. 0... 


Drummond. .. 
Drummond . . . 

Ross* 

Prevost 

Brooke* 

Cochrane 

Nicholls 

Drummond.. . 
Keane 


New Orleans Jackson* 

1 


Pakenham 


6,000 


12,000 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. When was Washington inaugurated president ? (91.) — 2. Where did 
the ceremony take place ? — 3. Who was vice-president under Washington ? 
— 4. What took place in 1790? — 5. Give an account of the three expe- 
ditions against the Indians.— 6. Give an account of the troubles with 
France. (92.)— 7. Of the Whisky Insurrection.— 8. Of "Jay's Treaty."— 
9. When was John Adams inaugurated president? — 10. When did the 
death of Washington occur? — 11. When did the city of Washington be- 
come the national capital ? (92, 93.)— 12. How long had Philadelphia been 
the capital? — 13. When was Jefi'erson inaugurated president? (93.)— 14. 
When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? — 15. How was Louisiana ac- 
quired by the United States ? — 16. Of what advantage was the acquisition 
of the Louisiana territory ? — 17. Upon what expedition was Preble sent ? 



110- REVIKW QUESTIONS. 

— 18. Give an account of the loss and destruction of the frigate Philadel- 
phia.— 19. Of Eaton's success. (93, 94.)— 20. What sad afftiir took place in 
1804? (94.) — 21. What further can you state of Burr? — 22. What of 
"orders" and "decrees" of England and France? — 23. What of the 
" right of search ?" — 24. Give an account of the affair of the Chesapeake. 
— 25. When was Madison inaugurated president? — 26. Give an account of 
the affair between the Little Belt and President. (95.)— 27. What can you 
state of an Indian confederacy ? — 28. Give an account of the battle of 
Tippecanoe. — 29. Who was president when the " War of 1812" com- 
menced? Ans. James Madison. — 30. What were the causes of that war? 
(95.)— 31. When was war declared ?— 32. What hostile act did Gen. Hull 
commit? — 33. What took place live days after ?— 34. What took place near 
Brownstown ? (96.)— 35. What disaster befell Hull's army «— 3fi. When did 
Hull surrender? Ans. August 16, 1812. — 37. What sentence was passed 
upon Hull ? Ans. A court martial pronounced him guilty of cowardice, 
and sentenced him to be shot; but he was pardoned by President Madison. 
—38. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. (96, 97.)-— 39. Of the 
actioEt between the Essex and the Aleit. (97.)— 40. Wasp and Frolic. (97, 
108.) — 41. United States and Macedonian. — 42. Constitution and Java. (97, 
98, 108.)— 43. Give an account of the battle of Winchester. (98.j— 44. Of 
the siege of Fort Meigs. — 45. Of Clay's operations. — 46. Of Proctor's 
operations at Fort Stephenson. (99.)— 47. Of the battle of Lake Erie. — i8. 
Of the battle of the Thames. (99, 100.)— 49. Massacre at Fort Minis. (100.) 
50. Give a further account of the Creek War. — 51. Give an account of the 
battle of York.— 52. What did Dearborn accomplish? (101.)— 53. Give an 
account of the battle of Sackett's Harbor. — 54. What battle took place on 
the 11th of November, 1813? ^ws. Chrysler's Field. — 55. Give an ac- 
count of it. (101.)— 56. Of the action between the Hornet and Peacock. 
(101, 108.)— 57. Chesapeake and Shannon. (101, 102.)— 58. Argus and Peli- 
can. (102, 108.)— 59. Boxer and Enterprise.— 60. Battle of La Colle. (102.) 
—61. Capture of Fort Erie.— 62. Battle of Chippewa. (102, 109.) — 63. 
What battle soon followed ? (103)— 64. Give a full account of it.— 65. Of 
Drummond's operations. — 66. Of the sortie from Fort Erie. — 67, How did 
operations at Fort Erie cease? (103, 104.) — 68. At what place was Macomb 
left in command? (104.) — 69. What movement did Prevost make? — 70. 
What, Commodore Downie? — 71. Give a full account of the two battles 
that followed. — 72. What movement did Ross make? — 73. What destruc- 
tion did Eoss effect? — 74. What took place at Alexandria? (105.) — 75. 
What movement did Ross then make?— 76. What was Ross's fate ?— 77. 
Give an account of the battle that followed.— 78. How did the fleet suc- 
ceed? — 79. What followed?— 80. Give an account of the attempt against 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. Ill 

Fort Bowyer. (106.)— 81. What was done by Gen. Jackson ?— 82. What 
expedition proceeded aorainst New Orleans ? — 83. What look place before 
the 8th of January, 181n? — 84. Give an account of what took place then. 
— 85. What can you say of the cruise and capture of the Essex? (107.) — 
86, When and where was a treaty of peace signed? — 87. What were the 
defects of the treaty? — 88. Why were tlie defects unimportant? — 89. 
What did Decatur accomplish in the Mediterranean ? — i'O. Name the 
land battles of 1812. (109.) — 91. Of 1813. --92. Of 1814. —98. Of 1815. 
94. In which battles of the war were the Americans successful ? — 95. In 
-which were the British successful ? — 96. Which of the battles took place 
in Canada? — 97. Which in the United States? — 98. Name the naval 
battles of 1812, giving the dates, names of commanders, with vessels, &c. 
(108.)— 99. Same of 4813.— 100. Same of 1814.— 101. Same of 1815.— 102. 
What officer was killed at the battle of York ? (100.)— 103. At the battle of 
New Orleans? (106.)— 104. At the battle of Queenstown ? 



GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1607. (p. 128.) — 2. 
The events from 1607 to 1638.- 3. From 1638 to 1689.— 4. From 1689 to 
1732.— 5. From 1732 to 1754.— 6. From 1754 to 1763.-7. From 1763 to 
1775. (128, 129.)— 8. Of 1775. (129.) — 9. Of 1776. — 10. Of 1777. —11. Of 
1778.— 12. Of 1779.-13. Of 1780.-14. Of 1781.-15. Of 1782. (129, 130.) 
16. From 1783 to 1801. (130.)— 17. From 1801 to 1812.— 18. Of 1812.— 19. 
Of 1813.— 20. Of 1814.-21. From 1815 to 1829. (131.)— 22. From 1829 to 
1846.-23. Of 1846.— 24. Of 1847. — 25. From 1848 to 1860.-26. From 
1860 to 1861.— 27. Of 1861.— 28. What account can you give of George 
Washington ? (54, 47, 48, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 73, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92.)— 29. 
Of Lafayette ? (67, 68, 82, 83, 113.)— 30. Of Arnold ? (58, 60, 61, 71, 72, 80, 
82, 83.)-31. Of Gates? (71, 72, 89, 79, 81.)— 32. Of Greene ? (81, 82, 89.) 
—83. Of Sullivan? (74, 77, 89.)— 84. Of Wayne? (68, 76, 89, 91.)-35. What 
important events occurred in the city of New York ? (34, 35, 55, 64, 85, 
91.)— 36. Philadelphia? (39, 57, 60, 65, 63, 73, 92, 93.)— 37. Boston? (24, 30, 
56,57, 61.)— 38. Charleston ? (41, 57, 62, 63, 77.)— 39. Savannah ? (42, 75, 
76.) — 40. Name the presidents in the order of their succession. (132.) — 41. 
Name the presidents that served eight years.- 42. Name those that served 
four years. — 43. Name those that served a less time. — 44. Name the States, 
commencing with Vermont, in the order of admission. — 45 Name the 
thirteen original States in the order of their settlement. 



112 



SECTION VI. 

PROM THE BEGINNING OF MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION, 

IN 1817, TO THE CLOSE OF PIERCE'S, IN 1857. 

When, and by wftoin, was Madison succeeded in office ? 

James Monroe, Madison's successor in the presidency, was 
inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and, like three of 
his predecessors, he served two terms, or eight years. 

What troubles broke out during Monroe's first year in office? 

Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles of Florida, joined 
by other Indians, commenced depredations on the frontier 
settlements of Georgia and Alabama. At first Gen. Gaines, 
and, afterward, Gen. Jackson, were sent against them. 

W7iat did Jackson accomplish ? 

Being convinced that the Indians had been instigated to 
hostilities by persons in Florida, Jackson marched into that 
province, though, at the time, it belonged to Spain, and, among 
other acts, hung two men, both of whom were subjects of 
Great Britain. 

How and when did Florida become United States territory f 

In 1819, Florida was ceded to the United States ; but it was 
not till July, 1821, that Spain surrendered possession of the 
territory. 

What new States were made while Monroe was president ? 

Five States were admitted to the Union during Monroe's 
administration; Mississippi, in 1817; Illinois, in 1818; Ala- 
bama, in 1819; Maine, in 1820; and Missouri, in 1821. 

State the ciixumstances attending the admission of Missouri ? 

The admission of Missouri was preceded by violent debates 
in Congress and throughout the country, on the question 
whether slavery should exist in the new State. At length 



113 



Congress passed the bill known as the " Missouri Compromise 
of 1820," and the agitation thereupon subsided. 

What can you state of the visit of a distinguished person f 

In the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a visit to this 
country ; and his tour through the States was everywhere sig- 
nalized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. 

What can you state of Monroe's successor in office? 

John Quincy Adams, Monroe's successor in the presidency, 
was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1825. His administra- 
tion of four years was one of wisdom and peace. 

By whom was John Quincy Adams succeeded in office f 

He was succeeded by Andrew Jackson, on the 4th of March, 
1829 ; and the new president at once commenced a series of 
vigorous measures, which he carried out for eight years. 

What course did Jackson pursue toward the National Bank ? 

The bill for rechartering the United States Bank was passed 
by Congress, but vetoed by the president. The institution, 
accordingly, ceased to be a national one. 

What serious trouble broke out in 1832 ? 

The tariff act, passed by Congress in 1832, gave dissatis- 
faction to the cotton-growing States, especially to South Caro- 
lina, where the people in convention proclaimed that upon any 
attempts being made to collect the duties the State would se- 
cede from the Union. 

What further accounts can you give of the troubles? 

Jackson acted with promptitude and firmness ; and a " Com- 
promise Act," passed by Congress, averted the threatened 
danger. 

What Indian troubles commenced three years after ? 

Toward the close of 1835, the Seminoles became hostile, in 
consequence of an attempt to remove them to lands west of 
the Mississippi. This was done in accordance with a treaty 



114: 



Jackson's administration. 




PART OF FLOUIUA. 



which had been made with some of the chiefs, but which * 
others did not consider binding. 

How was the leading man among the Seminoles dealt with f 

Osceola {os-e-o'-la)^ their 
most noted chief, was placed 
in irons by Gen. Thompson, 
the government agent, but 
by promising to recommend 
obedience to his tribe, he 
soon obtained his liberty. 

Did Osceola do as he had 
promised ? 

On the 28th of December, 
Osceola, resolved upon ven- 
geance, approached a house in which Thompson and some 
friends were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed five 
of the party, including Thompson. 

What other disaster occurred on the same day ? 

On the same day, Major Dade, while marching with more 
than a hundred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was 
attacked, and, with his whole force except four men, was mas- 
sacred. 

What further account can you give of the war f 

A number of battles were fought during the following year; 
but in none could the Americans claim a decided victory. 

What afterward occurred to Osceola ? 

In October, 1837, Osceola appeared in the American camp 
with a flag of truce, when Gen. Jessup seized the chief, and 
sent him to Fort Moultrie, where, about three months after, 
he died. 

What important tattle took place after the seizure of Osceola ? 

In December, 1837, Col. Taylor, afterward president of the 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 115 

United States, defeated the Indians near Lake Okeechobee, in 
the most desperate battle of the war. 

What closing account of the war can you give ? 

Though the Seminoles continued their hostilities, they never 
again rallied in large force. Peace was finally secured with 
them in 1842. 

WJio succeeded Jackson as president of the United States ? 

Martin Van Buren, the next president of the United States, 
was in office one term, from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 
4th of March, 1841. 

Name, in order, the three presidents who succeeded Van Buren ? 

He was succeeded by William Henry Harrison ; but Har- 
rison died after being only a month in office ; whereupon John 
Tyler, the vice-president, became president ; and he was suc- 
ceeded, March 4, 1845, by James K. Polk. 



WAE WITH MEXICO. 

Map Questions. 

"Where is Leavenworth ? (See map, p. 114.) City of Mexico ? Matamoras ? Mon- 
terey (2)? Sacraraenlo? Bracito? Saltillo? Santa F6? VeraCrnz? New Mex- 
ico? California? Fort Brown? (See map, p. 117.) Point Isabel? Palo Alto? 
Eesaca de la Palma? Buena Vista? Cerro Gordo? (See map, p. 120) Jalapa? 
Perote? Puebla? Ayotla? San Augustin? Contreras? San Antonio? Churu- 
busco ? Chapiil tepee ? 

Mow did Congress prepare the icay for the annexation of Texas? 

Three days before the expiration of Tyler's term of office, a 
bill for the admission of Texas to the Union was passed by 
Congress; and, on the 4th of July, 1845, Texas became one 
of the United States. 

What can you state of the previous history of Texas ? 

Texas had been a province of Mexico, but, in consequence 



116 



WAR WITH MEXICO 




CO, 
CAU^PRNIA, 
TEXAS Sec. 

_^g£;pyjFisic s-Ttzissen.^rr 3,'o 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 



117 



of the arbitrary policy of the Mexican rulers, the Texans re- 
volted, and, in 1836, set up a government of their own. 

What were the consequences of the annexation of Texas ? 

The annexation of Texas to the Uoited States led to a war 
with Mexico ; for Mexico still claimed Texas as a part of her 
own territory, and considered the act of annexation a sufficient 
cause of war. 

EVENTS OF 1846. 

What force was sent for the protection of Texas? 

For the protection of the new State, Gen. Taylor proceeded, 
by order of President 



Polk, to the Rio Grande 
{re-o' grahn'-da)^ oppo- 
site Matamoras [mat-a- 
mo'-ras), where he erect- 
ed a fortress, which was 
afterward named Fort 
Brown. 

Give an account of the 
first conflict of the war. 

Capt. Thornton, with 
a party of sixty-three 
dragoons, having been 
sent up the Rio Grande 
to reconnoiter, was at- 
tacked, April 26, 1846, 
and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to surrender. 

What movements next took place ? 

The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the Rio Grande, 
Taylor hastened to put the depot which he had established at 
Point Isabel {iz-d-hel') in a better state of defense ; and then 
set oui on his return to Fort Brown. 




TAXI OIL'S 
CAMPAI GN 

■10 30 50 SO 100 



118 WAR WITH MEXICO. ^ 

What occurred during Taylofs return march to Fort Brown f 

His progress "was disputed at Palo xVlto (^pah'-lo-akl-to') and 
Resaca de la Palma {ra-sah' -kah da lah pihl'-mitli) by Gen. 
Arista (ah-rees'-tah) ; but, in both battles, the Mexicans were 
defeated with severe loss. 

What account can you gim of the first battle ? 

In the battle of Palo Alto, fought on the 8th of May, the 
Mexicans numbered six thousand men, while the Americans 
consisted of but twenty-three hundred. The loss of the former 
exceeded five hundred, that of the latter was scarcely fifty ; 
but among their mortally wounded was the brave Major Ring- 
gold. 

What account can you give of the second battle f 

The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the follow- 
ing day. May 9th. For a while the Mexican guns held the 
Americans in check, when Captain May was ordered to silence 
them. At the head of his dragoons he charged with great 
fury, killed or dispersed the gunners, and captured Gen. La 
Vega {lah-va'-gah). 

What can you state of Taylor's subsequent movements ? 

On the 18th of May, Taylor took possession of Matamoras, 
and in August he marched to attack Monterey (mon-td-rd'), a 
city strong in its natural defences, and then garrisoned by ten 
thousand troops under Gen. Ampudia [am-poo' -de-ah). 

How did Taylor succeed against Monterey ? 

After a series of assaults, in which Generals Worth and 
Quitman rendered brilliant service, Monterey capitulated on 
the 24th of September, and Taylor agreed to a brief armistice. 

Wliat can you state of Gen. Kearny's success f 

In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, Gen. 
Kearny {kar'-ne) gained possession of the whole of New Mex- 
ico without opposition. With only one hundred men, the 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 119 

main body of his army being left at Santa Fe (mn-(ah fa), he 
then crossed to the Pacific. 

What did the army that Kearny left at Santa Fe afterward do f 

Colonel Doniphan, commanding- a force of but nine hundred 
men, started from Santa Fe, met and defeated the enemy at 
Bracito [brah-the'-to), December 25th, 1846, and again at 
Sacramento {sah-crah-ynane'-to), February 28th, 1847, and 
reached Saltillo, having accomplished a march of more than 
a thousand miles. 

What account can you give of Fremont's enterprise ? 

Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fremont was 
sent to make western explorations. After suffering great hard- 
ships, he made his way into California, then a department of 
Mexico, but, in March, 1846, was opposed by Gen. Castro. 

What further account can you give of the operations in California ? 

The Mexicans were defeated in several skirmishes, and, 
Commodore Stockton arriving, the whole of Cahfornia was 
soon in possession of the Americans. 



EVENTS OF 1847. 

What can you state of a new plan of operations ? 

A plan of invasion was arranged for Gen. Scott, which not 
only deprived Taylor of a large number of his best troops, but 
gave to Scott the chief command, he being the senior officer. 

How did Taylor close his campaign in Mexico ? 

Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle of 
Buena Vista {hwd-nah vees-tah), fought on the 23d of February, 
1847. His force of less than five thousand men was at- 
tacked by one nearly four times as large, under Gen. Santa 
Anna; but, after a contest which lasted from morning till 
night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field. 



120 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 



How did Scott commence Ms Mexican campaign f 

On the 9th of March, Scott landed his army of twelve thou- 
sand men near Vera 
Cruz, and, on the 22d, 
he opened so destruc- 
tive a fire upon the city 
and the fortress of San 
Juan de Ulloa {^san 
whahn da ool-yo^-ah)^ 
that, on the 27th, both 
places were compelled 
to surrender. 

Wliat was Scott's next 
movement ? 

On the 8th of April, 
Scott commenced his 
march against the en- 
emy's capital, the city 
of Mexico, but at Cerro Gordo [thdr'-ro gov' -do), a mountain 
pass, he found Santa Anna, prepared to resist his advance. 

CHve an account of what followed. 

On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made 
upon the works of the enemy, and, before noon, the whole 
were in possession of the Americans. Besides losing their 
artillery, the Mexicans had one thousand of their number 
killed or wounded. 

Give an account of tJie further march of the Americans. 

On the next day the Americans entered Jalapa {hah-lah'- 
pah) ; further on they took, without opposition, the strong 
castle of Perote (pd-ro'-ta), and, on the 15th of May, they oc- 
cupied the city of Puebla {poo-d'-blah). 

What did Scott then dof 




SCOTT'S 
CAM PAS G?^ 



WAR WITH MEXICO. 121 

Scott halted at Puebla nearly three months for reinforce- 
ments, and then resumed his march, reaching Ayotla [ah-yot' 
lah), a town fifteen miles from the city of Mexico. 

What change did Scott then determine upon f 

Finding that the direct route thence was strongly fortified, 
he turned southward, and encamped at San Augustin {san aw- 
gus-teen')^ about ten miles from the capital. 

What difficulties were then in Scotfs way f 

The approaches to the city of Mexico from San Augustin 
were guarded by batteries at Contreras [con-trd' -ras) and San 
Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco [choo-roo-hoos' - 
co) and Chapultepec {chah-jjool-fa-pek'). 

What successes attended the advance of the Americans ? 

At sunrise, on the 20th of August, the Americans attacked 
Contreras, and, in less than twenty minutes, carried the bat- 
teries. They were also successful at San Antonio. 

How did the Americans follow up their successes ? 

On the same day Churubusco was attacked ; the defense 
was obstinate, and the conflict bloody, but, at length, the Mex- 
icans were driven from the fort and compelled to flee. 

What effort was then made to bring the 3Iexicans to terms ? 

An armistice of several days succeeded, during which Scott 
endeavored to bring about a peace, but, failing in this, he or- 
dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Rey (mo-le-no' dale- 
ra), an outer defense of Chapultepec. 

How did Worth carry out the order given to him ? 

The attack was made on the 8th of September, and, although 
the Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a loss 
of six hundred upon their assailants, they were driven from 
their position. 

What yet remained to be done ? 

Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situated on a 
6 



122 WAR WITH :VIEXIC0. 

lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the capital could be 
reached. 

Oive an accoitnt of the taking of Ghapultepec. 

Batteries were erected to bear upon it : from these a fire 
was opened which made breaches through the stone wall de- 
fenses, and, on the 13th of September, the place was carried 
by assault. 

What were the immediate consequences of the victory ? 

During the night Santa Anna and his army fled from the 
capital, and, on the following morning, September 14th, Scott 
made a triumphant march into it. 

What last effort for success did Santa Anna make ? 

After Santa Anna's flight he proceeded to lay siege to Pue- 
bla : learning, however, that a body of recruits were on their 
march to reinforce Scott, he attacked them at Huamantia 
[whah-mant'-lah)^ but, as usual, met with defeat. 

^010 was the war brought to a close f 

On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed, 
by which all the territory north of the Rio Grande, together 
with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquished 
to the United States. 

What did the United States agree to do in return f 

On the part of the United States, it was agreed that 
$15,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and 
that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, amounting 
to $3,000,000, should be assumed. 

What excitement with regard to California soon broke out ? 

During this month, February, gold began to be found in 
California. The news at once spread with wonderful rapidity, 
and soon thousands of emigrants from all parts of the world 
rushed thither. 

Who next, after Polk, teas president of the United States ? 



Fillmore's administration. 123 

Polk was succeeded in the presidency by Gen. Taylor, dis- 
tinguished in the war with Mexico. The inauguration took 
place on the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 

What dispute, of national importance, soon occurred ? 

In a short time California applied for admission into the 
Union ; but as the constitution which she had adopted ex- 
cluded slavery from her territory, a violent dispute commenced 
in Congress and throughout the United States, which continued 
several months. 

What loss did the nation sustain at this time ? 

Before the dispute was settled, Geu. Taylor died, after an 
administration of only one year, four months, and four days ; 
and the vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereupon became 
president. 

How was the question in relation to the admission settled ? 

Other questions, growing out of the subject of slavery, hav- 
ing been introduced into Congress, five acts were passed by 
that body, in conformity with the spirit of a compromise 
offered by Henry Clay. One of these provided for the admis- 
sion of California as a free State. 

When did the slavery question in another shape appear f 

During the administration of Franklin Pierce, who succeeded 
to the presidency on the 4th of March, 1853, the controversy 
between the slaveholding and non-slaveholding sections of the 
Union was renewed, the one being in favor of and the other 
opposed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the 
United States. 

What action of Congress gave shape to the controversy ? 

Congress, in 1854, passed the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill." As, 
by this act, the "Compromise of 1820" was repealed — a com- 
promise which prohibited slavery in the territory of the 



124 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 



United States north of the southern boundary of Missouri, 
Missouri excepted — emigrants from both sections began to 
pour into Kansas, and with such zeal was the strife for su- 
premacy carried on, that frequent collisions took place. 



PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAE WITH MEXICO. 

(The Americans were successful in every battle.) 



DATES. 


BATTLES. 


COMMANDERS. 


FORCES ENGAGED. 


American. 


Mexican. 


Ainer. 

2.300 

2.200 

6,(300 

500 


Mex'n. 

6,(100 

5,000 

10,01 to 

1,200 


1 1846. 
1 May S, 
1 May 9, 
i Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 

1&47. 
Feb. 23, 
Feb. 28, 
March 27, 
April 18, 

Aug. 20, -j 

Sept. S, 
Sept. 13, 
Oct. 9, 


Palo Alto 


Taylor 

Taylor .... 
Taylor .... 
Doniplian.. 


Arista 


Eesaca de la Palaia. . 


Arista 

Anipudia 

Ponce de Leon. 


Bracito 


Buena Vista 

Sacramento 


Taylor .... 
Doniphan.. 
Scott ....'.. 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Worth 

Scott 

Lane 


Santa Anna 

Trias 


4,700 

900 

12,000 

8,500 

4,000 

8,000 

8,500 

7,200 

500 


17,000 

4,000 

6,000 

12,000 

7.000 

25,000 

14,000 

25,000 

1,000 


Vera Cruz .... 


Morales 

Santa Anna 

Valencia 

Santa Anna 

Alvarez 


Cerro Gordo 

Contreras 




Molinodel Eey 

Chap-ul tepee, 


Santa Anna 





REVIEW QUESTIONS. 

1. When was Monroe inaugurated president ? (page 112.)— 2. When did 
he go out of office ? — 3. Give an account of the troubles with the Semi- 
noles. (112, 113, 114, 115.)— 4. Give some account of Florida. (11, 13, 53, 84, 
112.)— 5. Of the "Missouri Compromise of 1820." (112, 113.)— 6. Wlien 
did Mississippi become a State? (112.) — 7. Illinois? — 8. Alabama? — 9. 
Maine? — 10. Missouri? — 11. Give an account of Lafayette's visit. (113.) — 
12. When was John Quincy Adams inaugurated president? — 13. What 
can you state of his administration? — 14. When was Jackson inaugurated 
president?— 15. When did Jackson go out of office? — 16. What can you 
state of the National Bank ? (51, 113.)— 17. What troubles broke out in 
1832? Ans. The Nullification troubles.— 18. Give an account of them. 
— 19. What account can you give of Osceola? (114.)— 20. Of Dade's mas- 



REVIEW QUESTIONS. 125 

sacre?— 21. Of the battle of Okeechobee ? (114, llo.)— 2;i. When was Van 
Buren inaugurated president ? (115.) — 23. Harrison ? — 24. Tyler ? — 25. 
Polk ? — 26. Give an account of the admission of Texas to the Union. (115.) 
— 27. Of Texas, previous to the admission. (115, 117.)— 28. What was the 
cause of the war with Mexico ? (117.) — 29. What did President Polk order 
Gen. Taylor to do ?— 30. What fort did Taylor construct ?— 31. What mis- 
fortune befell Thornton ?— 32. Where did Taylor establish a depot ?— 33. 
What movement did he make as regards the depot? — 34. When did the 
battle of Palo Alto occur? (118.) — 35. Give an account of it. — 36. IIow 
came the battle of Eesaca de la Palma to be fought ? — 37. When was it 
fought? — 38. Give an account of it. — 39. When did Taylor cross to Mata- 
moras ? — 40. What city did he next go against ? — 41. How was Monterey 
prepared for defence ? — 42. How did Taylor succeed against Monterey? — 
43. What march did Kearny make ? — 44. What success did he meet with ? 
— 45. What did Kearny afterward do ? (118, 119.)— 46. What march did 
Doniphan make ? (119.)— 47. What successes did he have ? — 48. What can 
you say of Fremont's operations ? — 49. What success did he and Stockton 
have ? — 50. How was Taylor deprived of men and the chief command? — 
51. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista. — 52. Of the taking of 
Vera Cruz. (120.)— 53. What fort protected Vera Cruz ?— 54. When did 
Scott get possession of the fort ? — 55. How came the battle of Cerro Gordo 
to be fought? — 56. When was it fought? — 57. Give an account of it. — 58. 
When did Scott take Jalapa ?— 59. Puebla?— 60. Why did he stop at 
Puebia? (121.) — 61. What was his next movement ? — 62. Why did he not 
then keep on direct to the city of Mexico ? — 63. What did he do instead ? 
— 64. Give an account of the operations of the 20th of August. — Q5. Or" 
the battle of Molino del Eey. — 66. Of the taking of Chapultepec castle. — 
(121, 122.)— 67. When did Scott take the city of Mexico ? (122.)— 68. What 
had become of Santa Anna ?— 69. Where did he meet his final defeat ?— 70. 
When was peace made?— 71. What territory did the United States secure ? 
— 72. What can you state of the gold excitement ?— 73. When was Taylor 
inaugurated president ? (123.)— 74. What dispute, in relation to California, 
occurred ? — 75. Who succeeded Taylor in the presidency ? — 76. How came 
Fillmore to succeed him ?— 77. In what connection is Henry Clay spoken 
of? — 78. When was Pierce inaugurated president? — 79. In what shape 
was the slavery question again introduced ?— 80. What can you state of 
the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill ?" (123, 124.)— 81. Name the principal battles 
of 1846. (124.)— 82. Of 1S47.— 83. In which did Taylor command ?— 84. In 
which did Scott command ? — 85. In which did Santa Anna command? — 
86. In which did Arista command. 



126 THE GREAT REBELLION. 

SECTION VII. 

THE GKEAT KEBELLION. 

By whom, and when, was Pierce succeeded in the presidency ? 

James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, Pierce's successor as 
president of the United States, was inaugurated at Washing- 
ton on the 4th of March, 1857. 

W/iat subject of national importance was still discussed ? 

The slavery question continued to be the prominent topic of 
discussion during the four years of his administration ; and, 
even in the last, the Kansas strife seemed no nearer a conclu- 
sion. 

What can you state of the presidential canvass of 1860 ? 

As Buchanan's term of office drew toward its close, no less 
than four candidates were nominated to succeed him ; and, 
after an exciting canvass, in which the slavery question was 
the all-absorbing one, the election resulted in the success of 
Abraham Lincoln. 

What soon followed f 

When it became known that the candidate of the Repub- 
lican party — the party opposed to the further extension of 
slavery — would be the next president, public meetings were 
held in South Carolina to bring about a secession of that State 
from the Union; and, on the 20th of December, 1860, an or- 
dinance of secession was passed by a State convention. 

What took place shortly after ? 

Four days after, Major Anderson, commanding at Fort 
Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men from that fort, 
and established himself at Fort Sumter, a place of greater se- 
curity. 



THE GREAT REBELLION". 127 

What was tlie consequence of this movement ? 

This removal being regarded in South Carolina as a hostile 
act, the authorities there at once seized the custom-house at 
Charleston, as well as other property belonging to the general 
government, and began to make preparations to drive Ander- 
son from Fort Sumter. 

How rapidly did the secession spirit spread f 

During the month of January, 1861, five of the slave states, 
viz., Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, 
following the lead of South Carolina, passed secession ordi- 
nances, and, on the 1st of February, Texas did the same. 

WJiat united action did these states then take ? 

Delegates from the seceded states met at Montgomery in 
the beginning of February, and organized a government under 
the name of the " Confederate States of America." On the 
18th, Jefferson Davis was inaugurated president of the so- 
called " Confederacy." 

When did Lincoln hecome president of the United States? 

In this condition were the affairs of the country when Lin- 
coln, on the 4th of March, 1861, assumed the office of presi- 
dent of the United States. 



128 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 

OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OF 
THE UNITED STATES. 

1492. America discovered. — 1497. Labrador discovered.— 1512, Florida 
discovered.— 1520. Carolina visited by De Ayllon. — 1524. Coast of North 
America explored by Vernizani. — 1528. Narvaoz undertook to conquer 
Florida. — 1541. Mississippi River discovered. — 1562. Colony of Huguenots 
settled at Port Royal entrance.— 1565. St. Augustine founded. — 1585. First 
attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke.— 1602. Cape Cod discovered. — 
1607. Jamestown settled.— 1609. Hudson River discovered.— 1614. Now 
York settled. — 1620. Massachusetts settled.— 1621. Treaty made with Mas- 
sasoit.— 1623. New Hampshire settled.— 1633. Connecticut settled.— 1634. 
Maryland setthd.— 1636. Rhode Island settled.— 1637. Pequod War.— 
•1638. Delaware settled.— 1643. Union of New England colonies.— 1645. 
Clayborne's Rebellion.— 1650. North Carolina settled.— 1651. The "Navi- 
gation Act" passed.— 1664. New Jersey settled.— 1670. South Carolina 
settled. — 1675. King Philip's War commenced. — 1676. "Bacon's Rebel- 
lion."— 1682. Pennsylvania settled.— 1689. King William's War com- 
menced.— 1690. Port Royal captured by the English.— 1697. King Wil- 
liam's War terminated. — 1702. Queen Anne's War commenced. — 1710. 
Port Royal captured by the English.— 1713. Queen Anne's War terminated. 
—1732. Washington born.— 1733. Georgia settled.— 1741. " Tiie Negro 
Plot" in New York. — 1744. King George's War commenced. — 1745, Louis- 
burg captured by the English.— 1748. King George's War terminated. — 
1754. Battle of the Great Meadows, Battle of Fort Necessity.— 1755. 
French expelled from Nova Scotia, Braddock and Dieskau defeated. — 
1756. Oswego captured by the French. — 1757. Fort William Henry surren- 
dered to Montcalm. — 1753. Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga, Louis- 
burg taken by Amherst, Fort Frontenac surrendered to Bradstreet.— 1759. 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by tlie French, Niagara surren- 
dered to the English, Battle of Montinorenci, Battle of the Plains of Abra- 
ham, Quebec surrendered to the English.— 1760. Battle for the recovery 
of Quebec, Canada surrendered to the English,— 1763. Peace established 
between Great Britain and France.— 1765. Stamp Act passed. Colonial 
Congress met at New York. — 1766. Stamp Act repealed, — 1767. Bill im- 
posing duties on glass, paper, &c,, passed.— 1770. " The Boston Massa- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 129 

ere," Duties, except on tea, repealed.— 1774. Meeting of "TneTirst Cmi- 
tinental Congress." 

1775. Battle of Lexington, capture of Ticonderoga, Washington elected 
commander-in-chief, Battle of Bunker Hill, Capture of Montreal, Battle 
of Quebec. 

1776. Norfolk destroyed, Boston evacuated by the British, Battle of 
Fort Moultrie, Declaration of Independence, Battle of Long Island, New 
York city abandoned by the Americans, Battle of White Plains, of Forf 
Washington, of Trenton. 

1777. Battle of Princeton, Tryon's first expedition against Connecticut, 
Meigs's expedition, Burgoyne's invasion, Ticonderoga abandoned by the 
Americans, Battle of Hubbardton, Gen. Prescott captured. Murder of Miss 
McCrea, Fort Schuyler besieged. Battle of Oriskany, of Beiniington, of 
Brandywine, of Bemis Heights, of Paoli, Philadelphia entered by the 
British, Battle of Germantown, Forts Clinton and Montgomery captured 
by the British, Buttle of Saratoga, Surrender of Burgoyne, British re- 
pulsed at Forts Mercer and Mifflin, Articles of Confederation adopted by 
Congress, Fort Mifflin abandoned, Washington's army at Valley Forge. 

1778. Independence of the United States acknowledged by France, 
Treaty of alliance with France, British commissioners sent to America, 

I * Philadelphia evacuated by the British, Battle of Monmouth, Battle of 
Wyoming, Battle of Rhode Island, Massacre at Cherry Valley, Battle of 
Savannah, 

1779. Sunbury captured. Battle of Kettle Creek, Battle of Brier Creek, 
Tyron's second expedition against Connecticut, Battle of Stono Ferry, 
Tyron's third expedition against Connecticut, Battle of Stony Point, Brit- 
ish garrison at Paulus Hook surprised. Battle of the Penobscot, Sullivan's 
expedition against the Indians, Battle of the Chemung, Jones's naval 
battle, D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah. 

1780. Charleston besieged by the British, Battle of Monk's Corner, 
Charleston surrendered to the British, Battle of Waxhaw, Battle of Spring- 
field, Battle of Rocky Mount, of Hanging Rock, of Sanders Creek, of 
Fishing Creek, Arnold's treason, Andre executed. Battle of King's Moun- 
tain. 

1781. Revolt of the Pennsylvania troops, Battle of the Cowpens, Ar- 
nold's depredation in Virginia, Cornwallis's pursuit of Morgan and Greene, 
Articles of Confederation ratified by the States, Battle of Guilford Court- 
house, of Hobkirk's Hill, Siege of Ninety-Six, Col. Hayne executed, Ar- 
nold's expedition against Connecticut, Battle of Fort Griswold, of Eutaw 
Springs, Siege of Yorktown, Surrender of Cornwallis. 

1782. Preliminary articles of peace signed at Paris, CXjssation of hostili- 
fi* 



130 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 

ties proclaimed in the American army, Definitive treaty of peace signed at 
Paris, American army disbanded, New York evacuated by the British. 

1783. Washington resigns his commission. — 1787. Shays's Kebellion, Con- 
stitution of the United States agreed upon by the convention of delegates 
at Philadelphia. — 1789. First Congress under the Constitution met at New 
York, Washington inaugurated.— 1790. Harmar defeated,— 1791. United 
States Bank established, Vermont admitted, St. Clair defeated. — 1792. 
Kentucky admitted.— 1793. Dilticulties vt-ith France.— 1794. Battle of the 
Maumee, " Whisky Insurrection." — 1795. "Jay's Treaty" ratified. — 1796. 
Tennessee admitted. — 1797. John Adams inaugurated. — 1799. Death of 
Washington. — 1800. Seat of government removed to Washington. — 1801. 
Thomas Jefferson inaugurated, War declared against the United States by 
Tripoli.— 1802. Ohio admitted.— 1803. Louisiana purchased.— 1804. Frigate 
Philadelphia destroyed, Duel between Hamilton and Burr.— 1805. Derne 
captured. Treaty of peace concluded with Tripoli. — 1806. Frigate Chesa- 
peake attacked. — 1807. British " Orders in Council" issued, British armed 
vessels ordered to leave the United States, Aaron Burr tried for treason, 
Bonaparte issued his "Berlin decree."— 1807. Embargo on American 
ships laid by Congress. — 1809. James Madison inaugurated. — 1811. Action 
between the President and Little Belt, Battle of Tippecanoe, 

1812. Louisiana admitted, War against Great Britain proclaimed, Hull's 
invasion of Canada, Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, Two battles of Browns- 
town, Surrender of Detroit, British sloop Alert taken by the Essex, British 
frigate Guerriere taken by the Constitution, Battle of Queenstown, British 
brig Frolic taken by the Wasp, British frigate Macedonian taken by the 
United States, British frigate Java taken by the Constitution, 

1813. Battle of Frenehtown, British brig Peacock taken by the Hornet, 
Battle of York, Battle of Fort Meigs, Fort George-taken by the Americans, 
Battle of Sackett's Harbor, American frigate Chesapeake taken by the 
Shannon, Battle of Fort Stephenson, American brig Argus taken by the 
Pelican, Creek War, British brig Boxer taken by the Enterprise, Perry's 
victory, Battle of the Thames, Battle of Clirysler's Field. 

1814. American frigate Essex taken by the Phoebe and Cherub, Battle of 
La Colle Mill, British brig Epervier taken by the Peacock, British sloop 
Keindeer taken by the Wasp, Fort Erie captured by the Americans, Battle 
of Chippewa, of Lundy's Lane, of Fort Erie, of Bladensburg, City of 
Washington taken by the British, British sloop Avon taken by tlie Wasp, 
McDonough's victory', Battle of Plattsburg, of North Point, of Fort Mc- 
Henry, of Fort Bowyer, Second of Fort Erie, British driven from Pcnsa- 
cola, Battle of Lake Borgne, Battle nine miles from New Orleans, Treaty 
of peace. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 131 

1815. Battle of New Orleans, The U. S. frigate President captured by u 
British squa<lron, The Cyane and Levant taken by the Constitution, British 
brig Penguin taken by the Hornet, War with Algiers. — 1S16. Lidiana ad- 
mitted. — 1817. James Monroe inaugurated, Mississippi admitted, TYi 
Seminoles and Creeks commenced depredations. — 1818. Pensacola seizr/i 
by Gen. Jackson, Illinois admitted.— 1819. Alabama admitted. — 182u. 
Maine admitted, Florida ceded to the United States. — 1821. Missouri ad- 
nutted.— 1824. Lafayette's visit. — 1825. John Quincy Adams inaugurated. 
— 1829. Andrew Jackson inaugurated. — 1832. "Nullification" in South 
Carolina. — 1835. War with the Seminoles, Gen. Thompson and friends 
massacred. Major Dade and party massacred. — 1836. Arkansas admitted. 
— 1837. Michigan admitted, Martin Van Buren inaugurated, Battle of 
Okechobee. — 1841. V>^illiam Henry Harrison inaugurated. Death of Har- 
rison, John Tyler inaugurated. — 1845. James K. Polk inaugurated, Florida 
admitted, Texas admitted. 

1846. Thornton's party captured, Battle of Palo Alto, of Eesaca de la 
Palma, of Monterey, of Bracito, Iowa admitted. 

1847. Battle of Buena Vista, of Sacramento, Surrender of Vera Cruz to 
Gen. Scott, Battle of Cerro Gordo, of Contreras and Churubusco, of Molino 
del Eey, of Chapultepec, City of Mexico entered by the Americans, Battle 

' of Huamantla. 

1848. Treaty of peace, Wisconsin admitted. — 1849. Zachary Taylor in- 
augurated.— 1850. Death of Taylor, Millard Fillmore inaugurated, Cali- 
fornia admitted.— 1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated. — 1857. James Bu- 
chanan inaugurated. — 1858. Minnesota admitted. — 1859. Oregon admitted. 
— 1860. South Carolina passed an ordinance of "secession," Major Ander- 
son withdrew to Fort Sumter. 

1861. Kansas admitted, Tlie steamer Star of the West lired into, A so- 
called " Confederate Government" organized." Jefferson Davis inaugurated 
President of the " Confederacy," Abraham Lincoln inauguruted President 
of the United States, Bombardment of Fort Sumter. 



132 



PRESIDENTS. SETTLEMENT OF STATES. 



PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NO. 


PRESIDENTS. 


OF WHAT 
STATK. 


INAUGURATED. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

John Adams. 
Thomas Jetferson. 
Aaron Burr. 
George (;iinton. 
Oeorge Clinton. 
KIbridge Gerry. 
Daniel 1). Tompkins. 
John C. (Calhoun. 
John C. Calhoun. 
.Martin Van Bnven. 
Richard M. Johnson. 
John Tyler. 

George M. Dallas. 
Millard Fillmore. 

William R. King. 
John C. Breckii.ridge. 
Hannibal Hamlin. 
Andrew Johnson. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
fi. 
6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 

16. 


(ieorge Washington. . 
John Adams 

Thomas JefFerson 

James Madison 

Jaines Monroe 

John Q. Adams 

Andrew Jackson 

Martin Van Buren . . . 
Willia-m H.Harrison. 
John Tj'ler 


Virginia 

Massachnsetts. . 
Virginia 


April 30 1789 


March 4, 1797 


March 4, 1801 . . . 

March 4, 1809 . . . 
March 4 1817 


\ 


Virginia 

Virginia . 


Massachnsetts. . 

Tennessee 

New York 


.March 4 1825 


March 4, 1829 . . . 
.March 4 1837 ... 


■\ 




Virginia 

Tennessee 

Louisiana 

New York 

N. Hampshire . 
Pennsylvania.. 

Illinois 


-Vpril 6 1841 


Jiimes Iv. Polk 

Zachary Taylor 

Millard Fillmore 

Franklin Pierce 

James IJuehanan 

Abraham Lincohi 


March 4, 1845 

.March 5, 1849 


Jnly 10 1850 


March 4 1853 . ... 


March 4 1857 


March 4, 1861 . . . 


■\ 





SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 



STATES. 


SETTLED. 




When. 


Where. 


]3y Whom. 


AD.MIT'l- 


Virginia 


1607 
1614 
1620 
1623 
1633 
■ 1634 
1636 
1638 
1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 

1699 
1730 
1716 
17-0 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1565 
1692 
18(3 
1669 
1769 
1846 
1811 






* 


New York 


New York 






English 


B* 


New Hampshire 




English 

English 


Windsor 




St. Mary's 


English 


Rhode Island 


English 




Delaware 

North Carolina 


Wilminn-ton 






English 

Dutch 




South Carolina 






English 


xk 






English 


Vermont 




English 




English 


1702 


Tennessee 




English 


17% 








1802 


Louisiana 


Iberville 


French 


18)2 




1816 


Mississippi 


Natcher 


Frencli 

French 


1817 


Illinois 




1818 




Mobile 


French 


1819 




Hiistol 


French 


ISlX) 


ATUsnii- i 




French 


1821 


Arkansas 


Arkansas Post 


French 


18:'.6 






ls.37 


Florida 




Spaniards 

Spaniards 

Enn-lish 


1845 


Texas 


S. A. De Bexar 


1845 


Iowa 


1846 


Wisconsin 


Green Bay 


French 


184S 


1 California 


San Diego 

St. Paul 


Spaniards 

Americans 

Americans 

Americans 

English 


IS.'iO 




18.o8 


Oregon 


Astoria 


18.59 




1861 


West Virginia 




INVS 


Nevada 


! 


Americans 


1864 




i 





THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



A Declaration hy the Representatives of the United States oj 
America, in Congress assembled, July Uh, 1YY6. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- 
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which 
have connected them with another, and to ass /rae, among 
the powers of the earth, the separate and eq^al station to 
which the laws of nature and of nature's Go . entitle them, 
a decent respect to the opinions of manki .d requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the 
separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are 
created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, 
and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just 
powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, 
it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its foundation on such 
principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to 
them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- 
ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long 
established, should not be changed for light and transient 
causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that 
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are snffer- 
able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms ^o 
which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, 
evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 



4 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, 
and to provide new guards for their future security. Such 
has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such 
is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their for- 
mer systems of government. The history of the present king 
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur- 
pations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an 
absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts 
be submitted to a candid world : — 

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
necessary for the public good. 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate 
and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- 
tion till his assont should be obtained ; and, when so sus- 
pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation 
of large districts o ' people, unless those people would relin- 
quish the right of lepresentation in the legislature ; a right 
inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, 
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their pub- 
lic records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into com- 
pliance with his measures. 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- 
posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of 
the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to 
cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, 
incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at 
large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean 
time, <*xposed to all the danger of invasion from without, 
and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these 
states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- 
tion of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their 
:it\^ration hither, and raising the conditions of new appro- 
priations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refus- 
ing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 



DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 

He has made judges dependent on liis will alone, for the 
tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their 
salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their 
substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, 
without the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, 
and superior to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdic- 
tion foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our 
laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, 
for any murders which they should commit on the inhabi- 
tants of these states : 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by 
jury : 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended 
offences : 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neigh- 
boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once 
an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- 
solute rule into these colonies : 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- 
uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our 
governments : 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them 
selves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases 
whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out 
of his protection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our 
towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 



6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and 
tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and 
perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and 
totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on 
the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become 
the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall 
themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has 
endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an 
undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and condi- 
tions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned 
for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A 
prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which 
may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British 
brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of 
attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrant- 
able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the 
circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We 
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, 
to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- 
rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces 
our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- 
kind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of 
America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the 
Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our inten- 
tions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good 
people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that 
these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and 
independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegi- 
ance to the British crown, and that all political connection 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 7 

between tbem and the state of Great Britain, is, and onglit 
to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent 
states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, con- 
tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do ail other acts 
and things which independent states may of right do. And, 
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to 
each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

Tiie foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- 
grossed, and signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
"William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaware. 
Ca3sar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paea, 
Thomas Stone, 



Charles Carroll, of Car* 
rollton. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, jun., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, jun., 
Thomas Lynch, jun., 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



THE CONSTITUTION 



OF 



THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 



1. Under what kind of government were the American colonies before 
the Revolution ? Ans. The American colonies, prior to the Revolution, 
were ruled by colonial government. 2. What forms of colonial govern- 
ment were there? Ans. There were three forms of colonial government: 
the Provincial or Royal government, the Proprietary government, and 
the Charter government. 3. What was the Provincial government? 
Ans. The Provincial government was that which was under the con- 
trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, ruled according to in- 
structions from his royal master. 4. Which of the colonies were under 
Provincial government? An.s. The colonies under Provincial govern- 
ment were New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Car- 
olina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 5. What was the Proprietary gov- 
ernment? A?is. The Proprietary government was that which was under 
the control of one or more proprietors, by authority of a grant and privi- 
leges conferred by the king. 6. Which of the colonies were under Prp- 
prietary government? Ans. The colonies under Proprietary govern- 
ment were Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 7. What was tlie 
Charter government? Ans. The Charter government was that wherein 
certain political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. 8. 
Which of the colonies were under Charter government? Ans. The colonies 
under Charter government were Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con- 
necticut. 9. When did the colonies throw off their colonial form of govern- 
ment? Ans. In 1776, upon the recommendation of Congress, most of the 
colonies declared their political connection with Great Britain at an end, 
and proceeded to adopt state constitutions. 10. When did the states 
unite under one government? Ans. The Articles of Confederation, unit- 
ing the thirteen states under one general government, were adopted by 
Congress in 1777 ; but, in consequence of delay on the part of the sever- 
al states to ratify, the Confederation was not complete till 1781. 11. 
How long did the Confederation exist? Ans. The Confederation existed 
from the ratification of the Articles, in 1781, to the time when the Con- 
stitution went into effect, on the 4th of March, 1789. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 9 

PREAMBLE. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- 
quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the 
general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- 
selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE L 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- 
ate and House of Representatives. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
posed of members chosen every second year by the people 
of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have 
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
branch of the the state legislature. 

Preamble. — 12. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? 
13. What is the object of the preamble ? Ans. The object of the preamble 
is to state the purposes of the Constitution. 14. How many and what 
purposes are stated in the preamble? 15. By whom was the Constitu- 
tion ordained and established? 16. Recite the preamble. 17. How many 
and what departments of government are established under the Consti- 
tution ? A/is. The Constitution establishes three great departments of 
government: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 18. What is 
the legislative department ? Ans. The legislative department is the pow- 
er that enacts the laws. 19. What is the executive department? Ans. 
The executive department is the power that enforces the laws. 20. What 
is the judicial department? Ans. The judicial department is the power 
that interprets the laws. 

ARTICLE L 

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Sec. 1. — 21. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat? 22. 
In whom is the legislative power vested ? 23. Of how many and what 
branches does Congress consist? 

Skc. IL — 1st Clavse. — 24. By whom are the representatives chosen? 
25. How often are they chosen ? 26. What qualifications are requisite 
for electors of representatives ? 27. What is an elector ? Ans, An elec- 
tor is one who has the right to vote in choosing an officer. 



10 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 

2d Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall 
not have attained to the age of twenty -five years, and been 
seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he 
shall be chosen. 

Sd Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- 
portioned among the several states which may be included 
within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number 
of free persons, including those bound to service for a term 
of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all 
other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made with- 
in three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
United States, and within every subsequent term of ten 
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of representatives shall not exceed one for every 
thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one repre- 
sentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the 
state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, 
Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Planta- 
tions one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, 
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, 
North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

4th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representation 



2d Clause. — 28. How old must a person be before he can be a represent- 
ative? 29. How long must he have been a citizen of the United States? 
30. "What is the requisite in regard to his habitation? 31. Now name 
the three qualifications requisite for a representative. Sd Clause. — 32. 
How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states? 
33. How are the respective numbers of the representative population of 
the several states to be determined? 34. What provision is made in re- 
gard to Indians? 35. What is meant by "all other persons?" Ans. By 
" all other persons" are meant slaves. 36. When was the first census or 
enumeration to be made? 37. How often thereafter is the census to be 
made ? 38. How many inhabitants at least are required for one repre- 
sentative ? 39. H a state should not have that number, what is the law? 
40. Was the first representation in Congress based upon the actual pop- 
ulation of the several states ? 41. Which state at first sent the greatest 
number of representatives ? 42. Which two states sent the smallest num- 
ber? 43. Of how many members did the first House of Representatives 
consist? 44. Of how many does the present House consist? Ans. 238. 
Uh Clause. — 45. How are vacancies in the representation of a state to be 
filled ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. H 

from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue 
writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

5th Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose 
their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole 
power of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

\st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be com- 
posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legis- 
lature thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one 
vote. 

'Id Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as 
equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the sena- 
tors of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of 
the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the 
fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second 
year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, 
during the recess of the legislature of any state, the execu- 
tive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such 
vacancies. 

5th Clause. — 46. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representa- 
tives chosen ? 47. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 
48. What sole power has the House '? 49. What is meant by impeach- 
ment? Ans. An impeachment is an accusation against a public officer, 
charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his official duties. 

SjEC. III. — 1st Clause. — 50. Of whom is the Senate composed? 51. By 
whom are the senators chosen? 52. For how long a period are they cho- 
sen? 53, How does the mode of electing a senator ditFer from that of a 
representative? Ans. A senator of the United States is chosen by the 
legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen by the people. 54, 
How do their terms of office differ? Ans. A senator is chosen for six 
years ; a representative for only two. 55. How many votes is each sen- 
ator entitled to? 56. Have the large states any more senators than the 
small ones? 2d Clause. — 57. Into how many classes were the senators at 
first divided? 58. In what order were their seats of office vacated? 59, 
What proportion of the Senate is elected every 2d year? 60. How often is 
one-third elected? 61. When may the executive of a state fill a vacancy 
in the Senate? 62. For how long a time does a senator so appointed 
hold his office? 63. How is the vacancy then filled? 64, Now state how 
vacancies in the Senate are filled. 



12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3d Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not 
have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years 
a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be 
chosen. 

4:th Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall 
be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless 
they be equally divided. 

5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, 
and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice- 
president, or when he shall exercise the office of president 
of the United States. 

6th Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try 
all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they 
shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the president of 
the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : 
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence 
of two-thirds of the members present. 

1th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- 
tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit 
under the United States; but the party convicted shall nev- 
ertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- 
ment and punishment, according to law. 



Zd Glavse. — 65. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? 
66. How long must be have been a citizen of the United States ? 67. 
What is required of him in regard to residence'? 68. Now name the 
three requisites for a senator. 69. How do they differ from those of a 
representative ? (See page 11.) A^th Clause. — 70. Who is president of 
the Senate? 71. When only is he entitled to vote? bth Clause. — 72. What 
officers are chosen by the Senate? 73. What is meant by a "president 
pro tempore?" Ans. A " president pro tempore" is one chosen only for 
the time being. 74. When does the Senate choose a "president pro tem- 
pore?" Uh Clause. — 75. What sole power has the Senate? 76. What 
sole power has the House? (Seepage 10.) 77. Under what solemnity 
does the Senate sit for the trial of mipeachment? 78. When does the 
chief-justice preside in the Senate ? 79. Who presides when the presi- 
dent of the United States is tried ? 80. What proportion of the Senate is 
necessary to a conviction ? ^th Clause. — 81. How far may judgment ex- 
tend in cases of impeachment ? 82. To what is the convicted party fur- 
ther liable ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 

SECTION IV. 

1st Clause. The times, places and manner of holding elec- 
tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in 
each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may 
at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as 
to the places of choosing senators. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday 
in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
day. 

SECTION V. 

l5^ Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, 
returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority 
of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a 
smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be 
authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in 
such manner, and under such penalties as each house may 
provide. 

2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro- 
ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, 
with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 

8d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- 
ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such 
parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the 
yeas and nays of the members of either house on any ques- 
tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be en- 
tered on the journal. 

Sec. IV.— Is?; Clavse. — 83. What is prescribed by each state legislature 
in regard to elections for senators and representatives? 84. What power 
has Congress over such regulations? 2d Clause. — 85. How often does 
Congress assemble ? 86. On what day is it prescribed that the meeting 
shall take place? 87. May a difFerent'day be appointed ? 88. How? 

Sec. V. — \st Clause. — 89. Of what is each house constituted the judge? 
90. What proportion constitutes a quorum ? 91. What is meant by a 
quorum? Ans. By a quorum is meant a sufficient number to do busi- 
ness. 92. What power do a smaller number possess, as regards ad- 
journing ? 93. What else may they do, as regards absentees? 2d Clause. 
94. What power has each house, over the rules of its proceedings? 95. 
What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules? zA Clause. 
96. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal ? 97. 
How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? 98. What part 
of its journal may either house withhold from publication ? 



14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Uh Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, 
shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more 
than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
the two houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

\st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive 
a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, 
and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They 
shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at 
the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in 
either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the 
lime for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil of- 
fice under the authority of the United States, which shall 
have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have 
been increased during such time ; and no person holding any 
office under the United States, shall be a member of either 
house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VII. 

\st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in 

99. When shall the yeas and nays be entered on the journal? ^th 
Clause. — 100. For what length of time may either house adjourn without 
the consent of the other? 101. How is each house restricted as regards 
the place to which it may adjourn ? 

Sec. Yl.—\st Glavse.— 102. Are Members of Congress compensated for 
their services? 103. How is the compensation determined? 104. Are 
members of Congress paid by their states, respectively, or by the general 
government? Ans. The senators and representatives in Congress are 
not compensated for their services by the individual states, but by the 
eeneral government, out of the treasury of the United States. 105. 
What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to ? 106. 
What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitu- 
tion allows to Congressmen? 107. In M'hat does treason consist ? (See 
page 30.) 108. What is felony? Ans. A felony is understood to mean a 
crime punishable with death. 109. What is meant by a breach of the 
peace? A7is. "A breach of the peace is a violation of the public order. 

110. For what are members of Congress not to be questioned? 2d Clause. 

111. To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected ? 112. Sup- 
pose that a person holds an office under the United States, what then? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 

the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose 
or concur with amendments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; 
if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, 
with his objections to that house in which it shall have orig- 
inated, who shall enter the objections at large on their jour- 
nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsider- 
ation two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it 
shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- 
proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. 
But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be de- 
termined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons 
voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned 
by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it 
shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in 
like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by 
their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall 
not be a- law. 



Sec. VII. — \st Clause. — 113. In which branch of Congress must all bills 
for raising revenue originate? 114. What power has the Senate over 
such bills'? 2d Clause. — 115. After a bill has passed both houses of Con- 
gress, what must be done with it ? 116. What must the president do with 
the bill? 117. What is the president's act of objecting to a bill called? 
Ans. The president's act of returning a bill with his objections, is called 
a veto. 118. Why was the veto power given to the president ? Ans. The 
veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the exec- 
utive department of the government against the encroachments of the 
legislature ; also with a view to greater security against the enactment 
of improper laws. 119. When the president vetoes a bill, what is the 
duty of the house to which it is sent? 120. When is the bill sent to the 
other house? 121. What accompanies the bill to the other house ? 122. 
Then what does that other house do with the bill ? 123. If two-thirds 
approve of the bill, what then ? 124. Now state how a bill may become 
a law, notwithstanding the veto of the president ? 125. When the two 
hovises reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes ? 126. 
What record of names is imperative? 127. State how a bill may become 
a law, even though the president has neither signed nor vetoed it. 128. 
Id what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has passed 
b"^«h houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? 



16 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 

3c? Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to whicli tlie 
concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be 
presented to the president of the United States; and before 
the sauie shall take effect, sliall be approved by him, or being 
disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the 
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules 
and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall bave power 

\st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and 
excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence 
and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- 
posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

2c? Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United 
States; 

Zd Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, 
and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 

4ith Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 

Zd Clause. — 129. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, 
and votes, requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take 
effect? 130. What is the object of the provision? Ans. If it were not for 
the provision Congress might pass laws, calling them orders or resolu- 
tions, and thus evade the president's veto. 131. When the president ve- 
toes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take? 132. In what 
case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president 
no veto power? 

Sec. yUL—\st Clause.— 1S3. What power has Congress in regard to 
taxes, duties, imposts and excises? 134. What are taxes? Avs. Taxes 
are contributions of money exacted by government from individuals, for 
public purposes. 135. How many kinds of taxes are there? Ans There 
are two kinds of taxes ; direct and indirect. 136. What are direct taxes? 
Ans. Direct taxes are those laid directly on the person or property of in- 
dividuals. 137. What are indirect taxes ? Ans. Indirect taxes arc those 
laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of goods. 138. 
What are duties ? Ans. Duties are taxes on the importation or exporta- 
tion of goods. 139. What are imposts ? Ans. Imposts are taxes on 
goods imported. 140. What are excises ? Ans. Excises are taxes on goods 
produced or manufactured in the country. 2d Clause. — 141. WhiUj)ower 
has Congress in regard to borrowing money? Sd Clause. — 142. What in 
regard to regulating commerce? Uh Clause. —14,3. What in regard to a 
rule of naturalization ? 



CONSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 

and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout 
United States ; 

5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, 
and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and 
measures; 

Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- 
feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; 

^ith Clause. To establish post-ofiices and post-roads ; 

Qth Clause. To promote the progress of science and use- 
ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inven- 
tors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
coveries ; 

^th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- 
preme court ; 

\Oth Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies 
committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of 
nations; 

144. What is meant by naturalization ? Ans. Naturalization means the 
act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 145. 
How long must a person reside in the United States before he can be 
naturalized ? Ans. A foreigner is required to reside at least five years in 
the United States before he can be naturalized. 146. "What power has 
Congress in regard to bankruptcies? 147. What is meant by bankrupt- 
cies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay his just 
debts. Mh Clavse. — 148. What power has Congress in regard to coining 
money? 149. What, in regard to the value of money? 150. What, in 
regard to foreign coins ? 151. What, in regard to weights and measures? 
&th Clause. — 152. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting ? 
Ith Clause. — 153. What, in regard to post-offices and post-roads ? Uh 
Clause. — 154. In what way may Congress promote the progress of sci- 
ence and arts ? 155. For how long a time is the author of a book entitled 
to the exclusive right of publishing it ? Ans. The author of a book is 
entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it, for the term of twenty- 
eight j^ears. 156. What is the right called ? Ans. The exclusive right 
to publish a book is termed a copyright. 157. May a copyright be re- 
newed ? Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, the copyright 
may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. 158. For how 
long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of 
manufacturing it? Ans. The inventor of a machine is entitled to the ex- 
clusive right of manufacturing it, for a term of fourteen years. 159^ 
What is the right called? Ans. The exclusive right to manufacture a 
machine is termed a patent right. 160. Can a patent right be extended? 
Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized at the end of the four- 
teen years, to extend the patent right, for the further period of seven 
years. Sith Chxiise. — 161. What power has Congress in regard to judicial 
tribunals ? lO^A Clause. — 162. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.? 



18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

i\th Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marqne and 
reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 
water ; 

12 /A Clause. To raise and support armies, but no appro- 
priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
two 3^ears ; 

IS fh Clause. To provide and maintain a navy ; 

I4:th Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- 
lation of the land and naval forces ; 

15th Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to 
execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and 
repel invasions ; 

IGth Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- 
ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them 
as may be employed in the service of the United States, 
reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the 
officers, and the authority of training the militia according 
to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

11 th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases 
whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the ac- 

163. What is piracy? A?is. Piracy is robbery on the high seas. 164. 
"What is meant by the term " high seas?" Ans. The "high seas" are all 
the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-watermark. ll^A 
Clause. — 1 65. What power has Congress in regard to declaring war ? 166. 
What in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal?" 167. What are 
letters of marque and reprisal?" Ans. "Letters of marque and reprisal" 
are commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing 
them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or subjects of a na- 
tion that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has com- 
mitted. 168. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning 
captures? 12th Clause. — 169. What power has Congress in regard to 
armies ? 170. In what way is such power restricted ? ISt/i Clause. — 171. 
What power has Congress'in regard to a navy ? lUJi Clause. — 172. What 
power in regard to the government of the land and naval forces ? 15th 
Clause. — 173. What power, in regard to calling forth the militia, etc.? 
16^7i Clause. — 174. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and dis- 
ciplining the militia ? 175. What in regard to governing the militia? 
176. What reservations are secured to the respective states ? 17th Clause. 
— 177. What power has Congress in regard to the seat of govei'ument, 
and to places purchased for certain purposes set forth? 178. What is 
the district occupied by the seat of government called ? ^««. The dis- 
trict occupied by the seat of the national government, is named 2'he Dis- 
trict of Colujiibia. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 

ceptance of Congress, become the seat of tlie government 
of tlie United States, and to exercise like authority over all 
places purchased by the consent of the legislature ot the 
state in xvhich the same shall be, for the erection of torts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- 

inffs ; — and , ,, i 

18th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, 
and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
government of the United States, or in any department or 
officer thereof. 



SECTION IX. 



1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons 
as anv of the states now existing shall think proper to ad- 
mit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the 
year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or 
duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceedmg 
ten dollars for each person. _ 

2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebelhon or 
invasion the public safety may require it. 

179. How large was the District of CoUimbia originally? ^^^J*- J^® 

from tl e staVef of Maryland and Virginia. ISl. Is theD.stnot o Colnm- 

bTatpre^»r.en miles square? -1«>TI« portion winch h.ul been de- 

rivpfl from Vireinia, hav ng been ceded back to that state in i^-io, ino 

Sistrict of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Toto- 

Sac 182 Wbrconsent is requisite before the United btaes can acc^mre 

property in a state, for the erection of torts magazines, etc ^^ ^ j-j''"*^' 

-183. -U^hat general powers are conferred upon Congress in legaid to 

makhig huvs y What restriction was imposed upon Con- 

gress," in regard to the migration or iniportation of certam pei^on^^ 185^ 

^ho'were meant by "such persons V" ^':'^\ ^^\: /"^^^^^^^^^^^ ^'Je 

meant slaves 186. What was the great object ot the chiu^e i Ais. ine 

greTobject^'of the clanse was to eiTable Congress to put ^» end to th. 

fmporta ion of slaves into the United States, alter the jear IbO. Ib^^In 

what way was Congress left to restrain the ^"^PO^'t^^tion, w t out actua y 

fbrbiddina- it? 188. When was the importation actual yprohib ted ^ns^ 

On the 1st of January, 1808, an act of Congress went mo etiect, p. olubit^ 

?ng?he importation o^f slaves. 2d Clause.-18^. What is said of the writ 

of habeas corpus ? 



20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Sd Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall 
be passed. 

4:th CUmse. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be 
laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration here- 
in before directed to be taken. 

5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- 
ported from any state. 

Qth Clause. No preference shall be given by any regula- 
tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over 
those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

^th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, 
but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a 
regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
tures of all public money shall be published from time to 
time. 

Sth Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Unit- 
ed States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust 
under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ac 

190. What is a writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. A writ of habeas corpus is 
a written commaud from a judge or other magistrate, directing that the 
body of a certain person shall be brought before him. 191. What is the 
object of the writ i Ans. The object of a writ of habeas corpus is to pro- 
vide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 192. Ke- 
peat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 193. In what 
cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? Zd 
Clcnise.—\S}4:. What issaid of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? 195. 
What is a bill of attainder? Ans. A bill of attainder is an act of the legis- 
lature, inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons sup- 
posed to be guilty of high crimes. 196. What is an ex post facto law? 
Ans, A law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was 
not punishable at the time of its commission; is an ex post facto law. 4^A 
Clavse. — 197. In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct 
tax? 198. What is meant by a'capitation ? Ans. A capitation is a direct 
tax upon individuals. 199. How is the census to be taken ? (See page 10.) 
btlb Clause. — 200. What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to 
articles exported from any state? Uh Clause. — 201. What preference is 
forbidden in relation to a regulation of commerce or revenue? 202. What 
freedom have vessels thatare bound from one state to another? ^ith 
Clatise. — 203. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from 
the national treasury ? 204. What publication must be made in regard 
to receipts and expenditures of all public money ? Mk Clause. — 205, 
What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? 206. What is 
said of office-holders accepting presents etc.? 207. Under what circum- 
stances may an office-holder accept a present s 



CONSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 

cept of any present, emolnnient, office, or title, of any kind 
■whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

SECTION X. 

1st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, 
or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coir 
money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and 
silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of 
attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation 
of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the 
Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, 
except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its 
inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and im- 
posts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for 
the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all such 
laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the 
Congress. 

Sd Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- 
gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war 

.208. Repeat the clause relating to titles and presents. 

Sec. X. — 1st Clause. — 209. What prohibition is placed upon the several 
states as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? 210. What, as re- 
gards letters of marque and reprisal? 211. What, as regards the coin- 
ing of money? 212. What, as regards bills of credit? 213. What is 
meant by bills of credit ? Ans. Bills of credit, within the meaning of 
the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the peo- 
ple. 214. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 215. 
What prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a bill of 
attainder? 216. What, in regard to an ex post facto law? 217. What, in 
regard to a law impairing an obligation ? 218. What, in regard to a 
title of nobility ? 219. Recite the clause just considered. 2(t Clause. — 
220. AVhat prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts or 
duties ? 221 In what case only, may a state lay any imposts or duties 1 
222. What are inspection laws ? Ans. By inspection laws are meant laws 
requiring certain articles of commerce to be examined by officers called 
inspectors. 223. What is the object of inspection laws ? Ans. The ob- 
ject is to protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part of the 
producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of 
articles produced. 224. What disposition must be mf. .le of the net prod- 
uce of all duties and imposts laid by individuals? 225. What are the 
inspection laws of individual states, as regards imports or exports, sub- 
ject to? Zd Clavse. — 220. What prohibition are individ-.ial states under, 
as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ? 



22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, 
unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will 
not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPAETMENT. 

SECTION I. 

1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a 
president of the United States of America. He shall hold 
his office during the term of four years, and, together with 
the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected, as 
follows : 

2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as 
the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 

227. What is a duty of tonnage? Ans. A duty of tonnage, or a ton 
natre duty, is a tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 228. What 
prohibition are individual states under as to the keeping of troops? 229. 
What, as to the keeping of ships of war ? 230. What, as to an agreement 
or compact with another state, or with a foreign power ? 231. What, as 
to engaging in war? 232. Under what circumstances then may a state 
an gage in war ? 

ARTICLE II. 

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Skc. I. — 1stCkiu.<te. 233. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat? 
— 234. In whom is the executive power of tlie United States vested? 235. 
What is the president's term of oilice ? 230. How often may a president 
be re-elected? A/is. The Constitution does not limit the number of terins 
for which a president may be re-elected. 237. Who was the first presi- 
dent of the United States? (See table, page 132.) 238. For bow many 
terms did Washington serve? 23U. Why was not Washington elected 
for a third term ? J«.s. At the close of his second term of office, Wash- 
ington declined to be a candidate for a third term. 240 What has been 
the effect of his declination ? J'is. Washington's example, in declining 
to be elected for a thiid term, has become a precedent by which subse- 
quent presidents have been guided. 241. How many and what presidents 
have served two terms each ? (See table, page 1£2.) 242. Which has th*3 
longest term of office ; the president, a senator, or a representative? 243. 
Wliat term has each? 244. What is the vice-president's term of office J 
245. Who was the first vice president of the United States? (See table, 
page 132.) '246. By whom are the i)resident and vice-president chosen ? 
Ans. The president and vice-president are not chosen by the peoi)le di- 
rectly, but by electors. 2d Clause. — 247. In what manner does each state 
appoint electors ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 

equal to the whole number of senators and representatives 
to which the state may be entitled in the Congress: but no 
senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust 
or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an 
elector. 

[The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot 
for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons 
voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign 
and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Sen- 
ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
son having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if 
there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal num- 
ber of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose 
by ballot one of them for president; and if no person have a majority, 
then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like man- 
ner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; 
a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from 
two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary 
to a choice. In every case after the choice of the president, the person 
having the greatest number of votes of the electors, shall be the vice- 
president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, 
the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.] 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO TPIE CONSTITUTION. 

1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, 
one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the 
person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 

248. What number of electors is each state entitled to ? 249. Who are 
prohibited from being electors ? 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 

250. What has been done with the original clause of the <]onstitution 
prescribing the proceedings to be taken to elect a president and vice-pres- 
ident ? Ans. The original clause of the Constitution, prescribing the mode 
in which the president and vice-president were to be elected, has been 
repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth amendment to the Consti- 
tution. 251. Where do the electors for president and vice-president 
meet ? 252. In what way do they vote ? 253. What is prescribed re- 
specting one of the persons for whom they shall not vote? 254. How is 
it I'equired that their ballots shall be made out? 



24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make 
distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all 
persons voted for as vice-prcvsident, and of the number of 
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and 
transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United 
States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the pres- 
ident of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the 
votes shall then be counted ; — the person having the great- 
est number of votes for president, shall be the president, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from 
the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three 
on the list of those voted for as president, the House of 
Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall 
be taken by states, the representation from each state 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of 
a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a 
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. 
And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a pres- 
ident whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, 
before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice- 



255. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 256. What 
provision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their 
hands? 257. After the lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are 
they directed? 258. To what place are they then transmitted? 259. 
What does the president of the Senate do with the certificates? 260. How 
is it determined who is elected president? 261. Now describe the man- 
ner in which the electors choose a president. 262. In the event of no 
choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 
263. From how many and what candidates must the House of Represen- 
tatives choose the president? 264. In what way must the choice be 
made? 265. How are the votes taken in choosing the president? 266. 
How many votes is each state entitled to? 267. How many is each enti- 
tled to, when voting by electors? 268. In choosing the president by the 
House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? 269. In such 
case, how many states are necessary to a choice? 270. Whenever the 
right of choosing a president devolves upon the House of Representa- 
tives, till what time may the right be exercised? 271. Now describe the 
manner in which the House of Representatives choose a president? 272. 
In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to 
choose a president, what takes place? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 

president shall act as president, as in the case of the death 
or other constitutional disability of the president. 

2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of 
votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such 
number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- 
pointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the 
two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the 
vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of 
two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority 
of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

Zd Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- 
president of the United States. 



Zd Clause. The Congress may determine the time of 
choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give 
their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
United States. 

Ath Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a 
citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of 
this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; 
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 

273. How is it determined whom the electors have chosen for vice-pres- 
ident ? 274. In the event of no person having a majority of electoral votes. 
by whom is the vice president chosen ? 275. "When choosing a vice-pres- 
ident, how many senators are requisite to a quorum ? 276. How many 
are necessary to a choice? 277. What is said of the eligibility to the of- 
fice of president, as compared with that of vice-presideu1, ? 

Zd Clause. — 27S. What power has Congress over the time of choosing 
the electors ? 279. What as to the day on which the electors shall vote? 
280. In the event of Congress determining the day on which the electors 
shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed ? 281. When are the 
electors chosen? Ans. The electors are chosen in each state on the Tues- 
day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential 
term. 2S2. Where do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The 
electors meet in their respective states at a place appointed by the leg- 
islature thereof. 283. What place is usually appointed for their meeting? 
Ans. The place usually appointed for their meeting is the capital of their 
state. 284. When do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The 
meeting of electors takes place on the first Wednesday in the- last Decem- 
ber of each presidential term. Uh Clause. — 285. What person, as regards 
his place of birth, cannot be eligible to the oflice of president? 



26 CONSTITUTION OF THIC UNITED STATES. 

not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been 
fourteen yc;M's a resident within the United States. 

bth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from 
office, or of his death, resignation, or inabihty to discharge 
the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- 
volve on the vice-president, and the Congress may by law 
provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in- 
ability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring 
what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall 
act accordingly, until the disability bo removed, or a presi- 
dent shall be elected. 

Qth Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive 
for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- 
creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall 
have been elected, and he shall not receive within that pe- 
riod any other emolument from the United States, or any 
of them. 

^th Cla-use. Before he enter on the execution of his office, 
he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 

286. How old must a person be to be eligible to that office ? 287. How 
many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided with- 
in the "United States ? 28S. Now state the legal qualifications of a pres- 
ident. 289. Recite the clause relating to the qualifications, bth Clause. 
— 290. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the 
vice-president ? 291. What provision is made by the Constitution for the 
case of removal or death, etc., of the president? 292, What, for the case 
of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president? 293. In the case 
of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer, shall, 
by law of Congress, act as president ? A7is. In case of the removal, death, 
resignation, or inability, of both the president and vice-president, the 
president of the Senate, pro tempore, shall act as president. 294. What 
is to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate ? Ans. In case 
there is no president of the Senate, the speaker of the House of Repre- 
sentatives shall act as president. 295. How long shall such officers, act- 
ing as president, continue to act? Uh Clause. — 196. What does the Con- 
stitution provide as regards the compensation to be allowed to the presi- 
dent? 297. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolu- 
ment ? 298. Eecite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 
299. What is the salary of the president i Ans. The salary of the presi- 
dent, as fixed by act of Congress, is $25,000 a year, together with the use 
of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 300. WTiat is the salary of 
the vice-president ? Ans. The vice-president's salary is |8,000 a year. 
"Jth Clause. — ?01. What does the president do, just before entering on the 
execution of his office ? 



COlSrSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 

execute the oflSce of president of the United States, and 
will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend 
the Constitution of the United States." 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief 
of the army and navy of the United States, and of the mili^ 
tia of the several states, when called into the actual service 
of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, 
upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective 
offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par- 
dons for offences against the United States, except in cases 
of impeachment. 

2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice 
and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- 
thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, 
and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 

302. Repeat the oath or aflBrmation taken bj the president. 

Sec. II. — 1st Clause. — 303. In what relation does the president stand 
toward the army and navy ? 304. When only can he command the mili- 
tia? 305. "Whose opinions may he require in writintr a 306. Upon what 
subjects may he require the opinions ? 307. Is he bound to be guided by 
such opinions ? Ans. It is not required of the president that he be guid- 
ed by the opinions of the members of his cabinet. 308. What executive 
departments have been established by Congress ? Ans. By various acts 
of Congress, six executive departments have been established, namely: 
(1) Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Department of 
War, (4) Department of the Treasury, (5) Post-office Depart aient, and (6) 
Department of the Interior. 309. For what purpose weie they estab- 
lished ? Ans. They were established for the purpose of aiding the presi- 
dent in the executive and administrative business of the government. 
810. How are the heads of the departments appointed ? Ans. The heads 
of the departments are appointed by the president, with the advice and 
consent of the Senate. 311. How is the attorney-general appointed? 
Ans. The attorney-general of the United States is appointed in like man- 
ner with the heads of the departments. 312. Of whom does the presi- 
dent's cabinet consist ? Ans. The president's cabinet consists of the 
heads of the departments, and the attorney-general of the United States. 

313. What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons? 

314. What is a reprieve? Ans. A reprieve is a limited suspension or de- 
lay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 315. With what 
exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and 
pardons? 2d Clause. — 316. What power has the president relative to 
treaties? 317. In whom is the appointing power vested? 



28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the 
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise 
provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the 
Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior 
officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the 
courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

Sd Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all 
vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of 
their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene 
both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement 
between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he 
may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he 
shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he 
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and 
shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

818. What is the first step in making an appointment? 319. What offi- 
ces are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make appoint- 
ments? 320. What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of 
inferior officers? od Clause. — 321. What vacancies can the president fill ? 
322. When does such appointment expire? 

Sec. III. — 323. What information is the president required to give to Con- 
gress? 824. What recommendations is he required to make? 325. In 
what way are the recommendations made? Arts. The president's rec- 
ommendations to Congress are made by means of written messages. 326. 
Was the reading of written messages always the practice ? Ans. The 
first two presidents, Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses 
of Congress, and make their recommendations by verbal addresses. 827. 
Is Congress obliged to adopt the president's recommendations ? Ans. 
Congress is under no obligation to adopt the recommendations of the 

K resident, 328. When may the president convene both aouses ? 329. 
[ay he convene only one house? 330. When? 331. \.hen may the 
president adjourn Congress? 332. What is the duty of the president 
respecting ambassadors, etc. ? 333. What is his duty respecting the 
execution of the laws ? 834. What is his duty respecting the granting of 
commissions ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 'STATES. 29 

SECTION IV. 

The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the 
United Stat<.^s, shall be removed from office on nnpcachment 
for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes 
and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

SECTION I. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- 
gress may from time to time ordain and establisli i^e 
fudges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, 
receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, 
in law and equity, arising under this constitution the aws 
of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be 
made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassa- 
dors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases ot 

Sec IV —335 For what crimes may government officers be removed 
from office? 336. How may the removal be effected ? 
ARTICLE HI. 

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 
SEC.I.-337. Ofwhat does Article IILofthe Constitution treat? 338^ 
In what is the iudicial power of the United States vested? /39. How 

^'iic. h'-Ut Cfa««.-345. Name the first °f f Vam/lkt s'eooC/con'; 
the United States courts have jurisdiction. 846. I.ame tUt secoaa, con 
cerning ambassadors, etc. 



^0 CONSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. 

admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to 
which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies 
between two or more states ; between a state and citizens 
of another state; between citizens of different states; be- 
tween citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants 
of different states, and between a state, or the citizens there- 
of, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

2d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- 
lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall 
be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. 
In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court 
shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, 
with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the 
Congress shall make. 

Zd Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im 
peachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in 
the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; 
but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be 
at such place or places as the Congress may by law have 
directed. 

SECTION III. 

\st Clause. Treason against the United States shall con 
sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their 
enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 

347. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 848. The fourth, 
concerning controversies with the United States. 349. The fifth, con- 
cerning conti'oversies between states. ?>50. The sixth, concerning con- 
troversies between a state and citizens. 351. The seventh, concerning 
controversies between citizens. 352. The eighth, concernilig controver- 
sies between citizens claiming lands. 353. What is the last of the nine 
subjects ? 2d Olattse. — 354. In what cases has the supreme court original 
jurisdiction? 355. What is meant by original jurisdiction? Ans. The 
original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or com- 
mences. 356. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? A7hs. The ap- 
pellate jurisdiction of a court is that in which the decision of an inferior 
court is taken on appeal, od Ckiuse. — 357. Before whom must the "trial 
of all crimes" be held? 358. What cases are exceptions to the law? 359. 
By whom are impeachments tried ? (Seepage 12.) 360. Where must 
the trial of a crime committed within a state be held? 361. Where, when 
not commitu^d within a state ? 362. Repeat the entire clause just consii- 
•*red. 

Sec. III. — \st Clause. — 363. Of how many things does treason against 
'.he United States consist? 3C4 What are "the two things? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 31 

convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
to the same overt act, or on confession m open court 

Td Clause. The Congress shall have power to dec are the 
punishment of treason, but no attamder of f ^^«;> ^^ ^^" ^^^^ 
corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of 
the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

SECTION I. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the 
pubilc acts, records, and judieial proceedmgs ^^^^J^ 
state And the Congress may by general la^vs piesciibe 
tie manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shaU 
be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION II. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to 
aU p ivi leTs and immunities of citizens in the seyeva states. 

2KL. A person charged in any state with treason, 
felony 01 ohe/crime, who'shall flee from justice, and be 
found'in another state, shall on demand of the executive 
iTthori o'f the state f;om which he ^ecl, ^e ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
to be removed to thestatejiav^^ 

365. What is ^f^ess^jio^^^^n^J^^^iJ^^r^: 
What power has Congress relative to tl^^epumm Congress 

What Vunisbment has Congress accoidin^^^^ ^^, ^^^ 

has declared that ihe P"^^f ""^"^ ?; //f '^" e.^^^^^^ of attainder? 369. 
368. How does the Constitution limit ^^« S«J^X?a„^^^ .tuMiing, corrup- 
What is meant by .attainder ?_4««. Attainder m ^^.^^^^^ .^^ blooAl 
tion, or rendering impure 370.^ hat 1. me } ^^ .^^F^.^ ^^^^^ 

^i^s^^^T^Z h'eSer rXn ?hose in his possession, or cansmit 
them by descent to his heirs. 

ARTICLE lY. 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

they to be P[7«d;? ^^^^ privileges and immunities are the cit- 

charged with crime, fleeing into another state . 



32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Sd Clause. No person held to service or labor in one 
state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharg- 
ed from such service or labor, but shall be deHvered up on 
Claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

SECTION III. 

1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Congress 
into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erect- 
ed within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state 
be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of 
states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states 
concerned as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose 
of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the 
territory or other property belonging to the United States; 
and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to 
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particu- 
lar state. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in this 
Union a republican form of government, -and shall protect 
each of them against invasion ; and on application of the 
legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can- 
not be convened), against domestic violence. 

Zd Clause. — 376. What is said of persons escaping from service or la- 
bor? 377. What persons are referred to in the third clause? Ans, 
Fugitive slaves and persons bnurid V;y indentures of apprenticeship. 

Sec. III. — 1st Clause. — 378. By whom may new states be admitted into 
the Union? 379. What is said of the formation of new states? 380. How 
many states belonged to the Union at the adoption of the Constitution! 
(Seepage 10.) 3«1. How many belong to the Union now ? 2c? Clause. 
— 382. What power has Congress respecting the territory or other prop- 
erty belonging to the United States ? 383. What construction as to claims 
is not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? 

Sec. IV. — 384. What guarantee does the Constitution make to the sev- 
eral states in respect to their form of government? 385. In what two 
events are the United States bound to protect individual states ? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall 
deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Consti- 
tution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds 
of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing 
amendments, which, in either case, shall be vahd to all in- 
tents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified 
by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or 
by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; 
provided that no amendment which may be made prior to 
the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any 
manner afiect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth sec- 
tion of the first article ; and that no state, without its con- 
sent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. 

1st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered 
into, before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as 
valid against the United States under this Constitution, as 
under the confederation. 

2d Clause. This Constitution, and the laws of the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all 
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; 

ARTICLE V. 

MODE OF AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION. 

386. Of what does Article V. treat ? 387. In what two ways may 
amendments to the Constitution be proposed ? 388. What two ways are 
provided for ratifying amendments? 389. What three restrictions upon 
the power of making amendments were originally imposed by the Consti- 
tution? 390. Why have two of the restrictions lost their force? 391. 
What do "the first and fourth clauses" referred to, declare? 392. What 
permanent restriction upon the power of making amendments still exists 
in full force ? 

ABTICLE YI. 

ADDITIONAL MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. 

\st Clause. — 393. What debts and engagements does the Constitution 
recognize ? 2(i Clause. — 394. What is declared to be the supreme law of 
the land ? 



34 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, any 
thing in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary 
notwithstanding. 

3d Clause. The senators and representatives before men- 
tioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, 
and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or 
affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious 
test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE YII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be 
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between 
the states so ratifying the same. 



„^ __ __ie ji _,, ^ . 

896. Who, besides the jiidt^es, are bound to support the Constitution'* 

897. In what way shall they be bound ? 398. What prohibition is made 
in regard to religious tests ? 

ARTICLE YII. 

399. How many states were necessary to ratify the Constitution in or- 
der to its establishment? 400. Where did the Convention meet which 
framed the Constitution ? Ans. The convention which framed the Con- 
stitution met in Philadelphia. 401, In what year was it framed? 402. 
Who was the president of the convention ? 403. How many delegates 
signed the Constitution 1 404. Which of the thirteen states was not rep- 
resented in the convention ? 405, How many states ratified the Constitu- 
tion before it went into effect? Ans. Eleven states ratified the Constitu- 
tion before it went into operation, 406. Which of the thirteen states did 
not ratify the Constitution until afterward? Ans. North Carolina and 
Bhode Island failed to ratif)^ the Constitution until after it had been rati- 
fied by the other eleven states and had gone into operation 1 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 35 



AMENDMENTS, 

PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE LE9ISLATUEE8 OF THE SEVEBAL 
STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment 
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or 
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the 
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the 
government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE IL 

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security 
of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, 
shall not be infringed. 

ARTICLE III. 

No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any 
house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, 
but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE ly. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and 
seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, 

AMENDMENTS. 

407. How may the amendments to the Constitution be regarded? Ans. 
All the amendments to the Constitution with the exception of the 12th, 
may be regarded as a declaration, securing to the people and states cer- 
tain rights, beyond the possibility of being encroached upon by Congress. 
\st Article. — 408. What declaration does the first amendment make, respect- 
ing religion ? 409. What, respecting the freedom of speech? 410. What, 
respecting the freedom of tbe press? 411. What, respecting the right of 
petition? 2d Article. — 412. What is the declaration respecting the right 
of the people to keep and bear arms 1 5d Article. — 413. What is said of 
quartering soldiers? ^th Article. — il4. What is said of searches aaad 
seizures? 



36 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 

but upon probable cause, supported by oatb or affirmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be searched, and tbe 
persons or things to be seized. 

" ARTICLE Y. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or other- 
wise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment 
of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval 
forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of 
war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for 
the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; 
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness 
against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use, without just compensation. 

ARTICLE YI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy tbe 
right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of 
the state and district w'herein the crime shall have been com- 
mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained 
by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the 
accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; 
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his 
favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

ARTICLE YII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy 

415. "What is said of the issuing of warrants? bih Article. — 416. 
"What is said of holding 'persons to answer for crimes ? 417. What is 
said of a second trial for the same offence? 418. What is the meaning 
of the clause that no person shall " be twice put in jeopardy," etc. ? Ans. 
It means that no person shall be a second time tried tor ine same offence, 
of which he has been legally acquitted or convicted. 419. When shall 
not a person be compelled to witness against himself? 420. What guar- 
antee of protection to life, liberty, and property is given? 421. When 
only can private property be taken for public use ? &th Article.— 4:22. 
What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy? 423. What right, 
as to the witnesses against him? 424. What right," as to the witnesses iu 
his favor ? 425. What right, as to the assistance of counsel ? 7th, Arti- 
cle. — 426. In what suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved? 



CO^s^STITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 

shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shal' 
be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwisr 
re-examined in any court of the United States, than accord 
iug to the rules of the common law. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines 
imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX. 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights 
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained 
by the people. 

ARTICLE X. 

The powders not delegated to the United States by the 
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved 
to the states respectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or 
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of 
another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

427. In what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury 
be made? ith Article. — 428. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments? 
9th Article. — i29. What is said of rights retained by the people ? 10th 
Article. — 430. What is said of the powers reserved to 'the states ? 11th Ar- 
ticle. — 431. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power ? 



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March Apcit 198? 




